[Country Profile]

Panama, dzina lonse la Republic of Panama, ili ndi dera lalikulu ma 75,517 ma kilomita. Ili ku Isthmus ku Central America. Imadutsa Colombia kum'mawa, Pacific Ocean kumwera, Costa Rica kumadzulo, ndi Nyanja ya Caribbean kumpoto. Polumikiza makontinenti aku Central ndi South America, Panama Canal imalumikiza Nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific kuchokera kumwera mpaka kumpoto, ndipo imadziwika kuti "Bridge of the World". Nyanja ili pafupifupi makilomita 2988 kutalika. Maderawo amakhala otsetsereka, ndipo kuli zigwa ndi zigwa modutsa, kupatula kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa magombe, makamaka kumapiri. Pali mitsinje yoposa 400, yayikulu ndi Mtsinje wa Tuila, Mtsinje wa Chepo ndi Mtsinje wa Chagres. Dziko lapansi lili pafupi ndi equator ndipo nyengo yake imakhala yotentha.

Mu 1501, idakhala koloni yaku Spain ndipo inali ya Governorate ya New Granada. Kudziyimira pawokha mu 1821 ndikukhala gawo la Greater Colombia Republic. Pambuyo pakupasuka kwa Greater Colombia Republic mu 1830, idakhala chigawo cha Republic of New Grenada (chomwe pambuyo pake chimadzatchedwa Colombia). Mu 1903, atagonjetsa Britain ndi France, United States inasaina mgwirizano ndi boma la Colombiya kuti amange ndi kugulitsa ngalandeyo ndi United States, koma Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Colombiya idakana kuvomereza. Pa Novembala 3, 1903, asitikali aku US adafika ku Panama, ndikupangitsa Pakistan kudzipatula ku Colombia ndikukhazikitsa Republic of Panama. Pa Novembala 18 chaka chomwecho, United States idalandira ufulu wokhazikika wokha wopanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngalandeyo ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito, kulanda ndi kuwongolera ngalandeyo. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, United States idachita lendi malo ankhondo 134 ku Bachchan, ndipo ena adabwezedwa pambuyo pa 1947. Mu Seputembala 1977, Pakistan ndi United States adasaina "Pangano Latsopano la Canal" (lotchedwanso Pangano la Torrijos-Carter). Pa Disembala 31, 1999, Panama idayambanso kulamulira ngalandeyi.

Mbendera yadziko: Kakonzedwe kopingasa kokhala ndi kutalika kwa kutalika mpaka 3: 2. Pamwamba pa mbendera pamakhala timakona tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono: kumanzere chakumanzere ndi kumanja kumanja ndi makona oyera oyera okhala ndi nyenyezi zofiirira ndi zofiira zisanu zosanjikiza motsatana; kumanzere kumanzere ndi kansalu kakang'ono ka buluu, ndipo kumanja chakumanja ndi kansalu kofiira. White ikuyimira mtendere; ofiira ndi amtambo amaimira Liberal Party ndi Conservative Party ya Panama wakale. Udindo wa mitundu iwiriyi pa mbendera yadziko ukuwonetsa kuti magulu awiriwa ndi ogwirizana pomenyera ufulu wawo. Nyenyezi ziwiri zosongoka zikuimira kukhulupirika ndi mphamvu motsatana. Mbendera iyi idapangidwa ndi Manuel Amador Guerrero, purezidenti woyamba wa Panama.

Panama ili ndi anthu mamiliyoni 2.72 (akuyerekezedwa mu 1997); mwa iwo, mitundu yosakanikirana ya Indo-European inali 70%, akuda anali 14%, azungu anali 10%, ndipo Amwenye anali 6%. Chisipanishi ndicho chilankhulo chovomerezeka. 85% ya nzika amakhulupirira Chikatolika, 4.7% amakhulupirira Chikhristu cha Chiprotestanti, ndipo 4.5% amakhulupirira Chisilamu.

Dera la Panama Canal, likulu lazachuma mdera, Colon Free Trade Zone ndi zombo zamalonda ndizo zipilala zinayi zachuma ku Pakistani. Ndalama zamakampani ogwira ntchito zimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pachuma chadziko. Panama ndi dziko laulimi. Dera lolimidwa ndi mahekitala 2.3 miliyoni, omwe amawerengera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a malo mdzikolo. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu ogwira ntchito mdziko muno akuchita nawo zaulimi, nkhalango, kuweta ziweto komanso usodzi. Pakubzala, mpunga ndi chimanga zimapangidwa makamaka, ndipo mbewu zomwe zimasungidwa ndi nthochi, khofi, koko, ndi zina zambiri. Nthochi ndi koko ndi zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja. Malo ogwirira ntchito ku Panama ndi ofooka kwambiri ndipo palibe mafakitale olemera. 14.1% ya anthu ogwira ntchito mdziko muno akuchita nawo mafakitale. Pofuna kuchepetsa kugula zakunja, boma la Pakistani limaona kuti ntchito yopanga zinthu zogula, kukonza chakudya, nsalu ndi zina zazinthu zopepuka zomwe zimalowetsa kunja. Kuphatikiza apo, migodi ya simenti ndi mkuwa mdziko muno ikula mwachangu. Makampani ogwira ntchito bwino ku Panama ndiye msana wachuma chadziko, ndipo phindu lake limapanga 70% ya GDP yake. Makampani opanga ntchito amaphatikizapo kutumiza ngalande, kubanki, inshuwaransi, ndi zina zambiri. Tourism ndi gwero lachitatu lopeza ndalama zambiri ku Pakistan, kuwerengera 10% ya GDP.

[Main Cities]

Panama City: Panama City (Panama City) ili pachilumba pafupi ndi pakamwa pa gombe la Pacific la Panama Canal. Mzindawu ukuyang'anizana ndi Panama Bay, mothandizidwa ndi Ankang Valley, ndipo ndi wokongola. Poyambira mudzi waku India wosodza, mzinda wakale udamangidwa mu 1519. Golide ndi siliva zopangidwa m'maiko a Andes zanyamulidwa ndi nyanja mpaka pano, kenako zimanyamulidwa ndi ziweto kupita kugombe la Caribbean ndikusamutsira ku Spain. Zinali zopindulitsa kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, uchifwamba udafalikira ndipo malonda adatsekedwa. Mu 1671, wachifwamba Sir Morgan adawotcha mzinda wakale. Mu 1674, Panama City yapano idamangidwa makilomita 6.5 kumadzulo kwa mzinda wakale. Inakhala gawo la New Granada (Colombia) mu 1751. Panama italengeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku Colombia mu 1903, mzindawu udakhala likulu. Kutsiriza kwa Panama Canal (1914), mzindawu udakula mwachangu.

Mzindawu wagawidwa m'maboma akale ndi zigawo zatsopano. Dera lakale ndilo malo ogulitsa kwambiri, misewu ndi yopapatiza, pali nyumba zina zaku Spain komanso nyumba zokhala ndi masitepe. Pakatikati pa mzindawu pali Independence Square, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Cathedral Square. Likulu la oyang'anira aku France pomwe adamanga ngalandeyi lasinthidwa kukhala Central Post ndi Telecommunications Bureau.Pali hotelo yapakati komanso nyumba yachifumu ya bishopu m'derali. Kummwera kwa chigawo chakale, Plaza de Francia yazunguliridwa ndi mitengo ya gulugufe wofiira wachikasu.Pali chipilala chokumbukira ogwira ntchito aku France omwe adamanga ngalandeyo pabwaloli, ndipo pali nyumba yoweruzira milandu ya atsamunda nthawi imodzi. M'mbali mwa nyanja yomwe ili kuseli kwa nyumbayi, mutha kuwona momwe Panama Bay ndi zilumba za Flamenly zaphimbidwa ndi utoto wofiirira.

Mtunda wa chigawo chatsopano ndi wawutali komanso wopapatiza, wolumikiza dera lakale ndi mzinda wakale. Pali manda a ofera ku Peace Park kumwera chakum'mawa kwa mzindawu. Pakona pakona pa Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Panama.Pali zikwangwani pakhoma la nyumbayi.Awa ndi malo omwe msonkhano wa UN Security Council ukuchita ku Panama mu Marichi 1973. Central Avenue m'chigawo chatsopano, chofanana ndi gombe, ndiye msewu wokulirapo komanso wopambana kwambiri mumzindawu. Misewu ya chigawo chatsopanocho ndi yaukhondo, ndi nyumba zambiri zamakono zazitali komanso nyumba zamaluwa zamasiku ano zatsopano.Zodziwika kwambiri ndi National Theatre, San Francisco Church, Bolivar Institute, Anthropology Museum, Ethnographic Museum ndi Canal Museum.