[Country Profile]

IPanama, igama eligcwele leRiphabhulikhi yasePanama, inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-75,517. Kutholakala e-Isthmus yaseMelika Ephakathi. Umngcele weColombia empumalanga, iPacific Ocean eningizimu, iCosta Rica entshonalanga, noLwandle lweCaribbean ngasenyakatho. Ixhuma amazwekazi aseMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, iPanama Canal ixhuma i-Atlantic nePacific Oceans ukusuka eningizimu kuye enyakatho, futhi yaziwa njenge "Bridge of the World". Ugu lolwandle lungamakhilomitha angama-2988 ubude. Indawo iyahamba, kunemifula nezigodi ezinqamulelayo.Ngaphandle kwamathafa asogwini asenyakatho naseningizimu, ikakhulukazi kunezintaba. Kunemifula engaphezu kuka-400, emikhulu yiTuila River, iChepo River neChagres River. Umhlaba useduze nenkabazwe futhi unesimo sezulu sasolwandle esishisayo.

Ngo-1501, laba ikoloni laseSpain futhi lalingelikahulumeni waseNew Granada. Ukuzimela ngo-1821 futhi kwaba yingxenye yeGreater Colombia Republic. Ngemuva kokuhlakazeka kweGreater Colombia Republic ngo-1830, yaba yisifundazwe seRiphabhlikhi yaseNew Grenada (kamuva eyabizwa ngeColombia). Ngo-1903, ngemuva kokunqoba iBrithani neFrance, i-United States yasayina isivumelwano nohulumeni waseColombia sokwakha nokuqasha lo mzila yi-United States, kodwa iPhalamende laseColombia lenqaba ukuwuphasisa. NgoNovemba 3, 1903, ibutho laseMelika lafika ePanama, lagqugquzela iPakistan ukuthi ihlukane neColombia futhi isungule iRiphabhlikhi yasePanama. NgoNovemba 18 wangonyaka ofanayo, i-United States yathola ilungelo lokuzimela lodwa lokwakha nokusebenzisa umsele kanye nelungelo laphakade lokusebenzisa, ukuhlala nokulawula indawo yomsele. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, i-United States yaqasha izikhungo zamasosha eziyi-134 eBachchan, kanti ezinye zazo zabuyiselwa emuva kuka-1947. NgoSepthemba 1977, iPakistan kanye ne-United States basayina "iSivumelwano Esisha Se-Canal" (esaziwa nangokuthi yi-Torrijos-Carter Treaty). NgoDisemba 31, 1999, iPanama yaphinde yathola amandla phezu komsele.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Unxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Ingaphezulu lefulegi lakhiwe ngonxande abane abalinganayo abalinganayo: phezulu kwesobunxele nangaphansi kwesokudla kungonxande abamhlophe abanezinkanyezi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu ezinamaphoyinti ayisihlanu ngokulandelana; ngezansi kwesobunxele kungunxande oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti ngakwesokudla ngaphezulu kungunxande obomvu. I-White ifanekisela ukuthula; obomvu nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokulandelana bamele iLiberal Party kanye neConservative Party yasePanama yangaphambili.Isikhundla sale mibala emibili efulethini lesizwe sikhomba ukuthi amaqembu womabili ahlangene ukulwela izintshisekelo zesizwe. Izinkanyezi ezimbili ezinamaphoyinti amahlanu zikhombisa ukwethembeka namandla ngokulandelana. Leli fulegi laklanywa nguManuel Amador Guerrero, umongameli wokuqala wePanama.

IPanama inabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-2.72 (kulinganiselwa ngonyaka we-1997); phakathi kwabo, izinhlanga ezixubekile zase-Indo-European zibalwa ngama-70%, ezimnyama zona ziyi-14%, abamhlophe benza u-10%, kuthi amaNdiya wona abe ngu-6%. ISpanishi ulimi olusemthethweni. Izakhamizi ezingama-85% zikholelwa kubuKhatholika, u-4.7% ukholelwa ebuKristwini bamaProthestani, kuthi u-4.5% ukholelwe e-Islam.

Indawo yePanama Canal, isikhungo sezezimali sesifunda, iColon Free Trade Zone kanye nemikhumbi yabathengisi yizinsika ezine zomnotho wasePakistan. Imali engenayo embonini yesevisi ithatha isikhundla esibalulekile emnothweni wezwe. IPanama yizwe lezolimo. Indawo elinyiwe ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-2.3, ebalwa nge-1/3 yendawo yomhlaba. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zabasebenzi ezweni isebenza kwezolimo, amahlathi, ukufuya izilwane kanye nokudoba. Emkhakheni wokutshala, ilayisi nommbila kukhiqizwa ikakhulu, kanti izitshalo eziyimali zingobhanana, ikhofi, ukhokho, njll. Ubhanana nokhokho yimikhiqizo ehamba phambili yokuthekelisa. Isizinda sezimboni sasePanama sibuthaka impela futhi ayikho imboni esindayo. U-14.1% wabasebenzi ezweni ubambe iqhaza ekukhiqizeni izimboni. Ukwehlisa ukungeniswa kwempahla ezweni, uhulumeni wasePakistan ubheka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekwakhiweni kwemboni yezimpahla zabathengi, ukucubungula ukudla, izindwangu neminye imikhakha yezimboni ezikhanyayo ezithatha indawo yokungeniswa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumbiwa kukasimende nosimende wethusi nakho kuthuthuke ngokushesha. Imboni yezinsizakalo ezithuthukiswe kahle yasePanama iwumgogodla womnotho wezwe, futhi inani layo lokukhipha libalwa ngama-70% eGDP yalo. Imboni yezinsizakalo ifaka ukuhanjiswa kwemisele, ukubhenka, umshuwalense, njll. Ezokuvakasha zingumthombo wesithathu ngobukhulu wemali engenayo ePakistan, zibala u-10% we-GDP.

[Amadolobha amakhulu]

IPanama City: IPanama City (iPanama City) itholakala enhlonhlweni eduzane nomlomo wolwandle lwasePacific lwePanama Canal. Idolobha libhekene nePanama Bay, elisekelwa yi-Ankang Valley, futhi lihle kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwakuyidolobhana laseNdiya lokudoba, idolobha elidala lakhiwa ngo-1519. Igolide nesiliva elikhiqizwa emazweni ase-Andes kuthuthwa kule ndawo kuyiwe olwandle, bese kuthuthwa ngemfuyo kugudle ulwandle lwaseCaribbean bese kudluliselwa eSpain. Kwakuchuma kakhulu. Kamuva, ubugebengu banda kakhulu futhi ukuhweba kwavinjelwa. Ngo-1671, umpristi uSir Morgan washisa idolobha elidala. Ngo-1674, iPanama City yamanje yakhiwa amakhilomitha ayi-6.5 entshonalanga yedolobha elidala. Yaba yingxenye yeNew Granada (Colombia) ngo-1751. Ngemuva kokuthi iPanama imemezele inkululeko kwiColombia ngo-1903, leli dolobha laba yinhloko dolobha. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwePanama Canal (1914), idolobha lakhula ngokushesha.

Idolobha lihlukaniswe izifunda ezindala nezifunda ezintsha. Isifunda esidala siyindawo enkulu yezentengiselwano, imigwaqo incane, kusekhona ezinye izinqaba zaseSpain nezindlu ezinamathala. Maphakathi nedolobha i-Independence Square, eyaziwa nangokuthi yiCathedral Square.Ikomkhulu lomyalo waseFrance ngenkathi amaFrance akha umsele manje selishintshiwe laba yiCentral Post neTelecommunications Bureau.Kukhona nehhotela eliphakathi nendawo nesigodlo sombhishobhi kule ndawo. Eningizimu yesifunda esidala, iPlaza de Francia izungezwe izihlahla zovemvane ophuzi obomvu.Kukhona i-obelisk yokukhumbula abasebenzi baseFrance abakha umsele esigcawini, futhi kunesakhiwo senkantolo senkathi yobukoloni ngasohlangothini olulodwa. Endleleni engasogwini engemva kwesakhiwo, ungabona ubuhle bePanama Bay neFlamenly Islands busibekelwe ngumoya onsomi.

Isimo sesifunda esisha side futhi sincane, sixhuma isifunda esidala nedolobha lasendulo. Kunethuna labafel 'ukholo ePeace Park eningizimu-mpumalanga yedolobha. Ekhoneni lesikwele kukhona iPanama Legislative Building.Kusenamamaki ezinhlamvu odongeni lwalesi sakhiwo.Lapha futhi kuyindawo yomhlangano woMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ePanama ngoMashi 1973. ICentral Avenue esifundeni esisha, ngokuhambisana nogu lolwandle, ngumgwaqo obanzi futhi ochuma kakhulu edolobheni. Imigwaqo yesifunda esisha ihlanzekile, inezakhiwo eziningi zesimanje eziphakeme nezindlu ezintsha zezingadi.Okudume kakhulu kubalwa iNational Theatre, iSan Francisco Church, iBolivar Institute, i-Anthropology Museum, i-Ethnographic Museum neCanal Museum.