Kwi-1501, yaba yikholoni yaseSpain kwaye yayiyeyeGavana weGranada eNtsha. Inkululeko ngo-1821 kwaye yaba yinxalenye yeRiphabhlikhi eNkulu yaseColombia. Emva kokuqhekeka kweRiphabhlikhi eNkulu yaseColombia ngo-1830, yaba liphondo leRiphabhlikhi yaseNew Grenada (eyabizwa ngokuba yiColombia kamva). Ngo-1903, emva kokoyisa i-Bhritane ne-France, i-United States yasayina isivumelwano noRhulumente wase-Colombian sokwakha nokuqeshisa i-canal yi-United States, kodwa iPalamente yase Colombiya ayizange ivume. Nge-3 ka-Novemba ngo-1903, umkhosi wase-US wafika ePanama, wakhuthaza iPakistan ukuba yahlukane neColombia kwaye imisele iRiphabhlikhi yasePanama. Nge-18 ka-Novemba kwakuloo nyaka, i-United States yafumana ilungelo lokuzimela bodwa lokusebenzisa kunye nokusebenzisa umjelo kunye nelungelo lokusebenzisa, ukuhlala nokulawula lo mmandla. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, iUnited States yaqesha iziseko zomkhosi ezili-134 eBachchan, kwaye ezinye zazo zabuyiselwa emva kowe-1947. NgoSeptemba 1977, iPakistan kunye ne-United States batyikitya "iSivumelwano esitsha seCanal" (esikwabizwa ngokuba yiTorrijos-Carter Treaty). Nge-31 kaDisemba ngo-1999, iPanama yaphinda yalawula lo mjelo.

Iflegi yesizwe: Ngxande ethe tyaba enomlinganiso wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Umphezulu weflegi unamacala amane alinganayo alinganayo: kwicala elingasentla lasekhohlo nasezantsi ngasekunene ziingxande ezimhlophe ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nobomvu ocacise ezintlanu ngokulandelelana; ezantsi ekhohlo luxande oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye ilungelo elingaphezulu lixande elibomvu. UMhlophe ufuzisela uxolo; bomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokwahlukeneyo bamele iLiberal Party kunye neQela leConservative lalisakuba yiPanama.Ukuma kwale mibala mibini kwiflegi yesizwe kubonisa ukuba la maqela mabini amanyene ukulwela iimfuno zesizwe. Iinkwenkwezi ezimbini ezinamanqaku amahlanu zibonisa ukuthembeka kunye namandla ngokwahlukeneyo. Le flegi yenzelwe nguManuel Amador Guerrero, umongameli wokuqala wePanama.

IPanama inabemi abazizigidi ezi-2.72 (kuqikelelwa ngo-1997); phakathi kwabo, iintlanga ezixubileyo zase-Indo-European zabalelwa kwi-70%, abamnyama babalelwa kwi-14%, abamhlophe babalelwa kwi-10%, kwaye amaIndiya enza i-6%. ISpanish lulwimi olusemthethweni. Abahlali abangama-85% bakholelwa kubuKatolika, ama-4.7% akholelwa kubuKrestu bamaProtestanti, aze ama-4.5% akholelwe kwi-Islam.

Indawo yePanama Canal, iziko lezemali lommandla, iCoron Free Trade Zone kunye neenqanawa zabarhwebi ziintsika ezine zoqoqosho lwasePakistan. Ingeniso kwishishini lenkonzo ithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe. IPanama lilizwe lezolimo. Umhlaba olinyiweyo ziihektare eziyi-2.3 yezigidi, ubala i-1/3 yommandla womhlaba welizwe. Isinye kwisithathu sabasebenzi elizweni babandakanyeka kwezolimo, amahlathi, ukufuya izilwanyana nokuloba. Kwimveliso yokutyala, irayisi kunye nombona ziveliswa ikakhulu, kwaye izityalo eziyimali ziibhanana, ikofu, icocoa, njl. Iibhanana kunye necocoa zezona mveliso ziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle. Isiseko seshishini lasePanama sibuthathaka kwaye akukho shishini linzima. I-14.1% yabasebenzi kweli iyabandakanyeka kwimveliso yezemveliso. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukungeniswa elizweni, urhulumente wasePakistan ugqala kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lweshishini lempahla yabathengi, ukwenziwa kokutya, impahla elukiweyo kunye namanye amacandelo amashishini athambileyo athatha indawo yokungenisa elizweni. Ukongeza, isamente kunye nokumbiwa kobhedu kweli lizwe kuphuhlile ngokukhawuleza. Umzi mveliso wePanama ophuhliswe kakuhle ngumqolo kuqoqosho lwesizwe, kwaye ixabiso lokuvelisa lixabisa i-70% ye-GDP yayo. Icandelo lenkonzo libandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwemisele, ukubhenka, i-inshurensi, njl. Ukhenketho ngowona mthombo wesithathu ngobukhulu wengeniso ePakistan, ubalwa nge-10% ye-GDP.

[Iidolophu eziphambili]

ISixeko sasePanama: ISixeko sasePanama (iSixeko sasePanama) sikwiPeninsula kufutshane nomlomo wonxweme lwePasifiki lwePanama Canal. Isixeko sijongane nePanama Bay, exhaswa yi-Ankang Valley, kwaye sihle. Ekuqaleni ilali yamaNdiya yokuloba, isixeko esidala sakhiwa ngo-1519. Igolide nesilivere eveliswe kumazwe aseAndes ahanjiswe ngolwandle ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, emva koko ahanjiswa yimfuyo esiya kunxweme lweCaribbean kwaye athunyelwa eSpain. Yayichume kakhulu. Emva kwexesha, ubuqhetseba baba bukhulu kwaye urhwebo lwaluvaliwe. Ngomnyaka we-1671, ipirate uSir Morgan wasitshisa isixeko esidala. Kwi-1674, isiXeko sasePanama sangoku sakhiwa nge-6.5 yeekhilomitha kwintshona yesixeko esidala. Yaba yinxalenye yeNew Granada (eColombia) ngo-1751. Emva kokuba iPanama ibhengeze inkululeko kwiColombia kwi1903, isixeko saba likomkhulu. Emva kokugqitywa kwePanama Canal (ngo-1914), isixeko sakhula ngokukhawuleza.

Isixeko sahlulwe sangamacandelo amadala nakwizithili ezitsha. Isithili esidala yeyona ndawo iphambili yorhwebo, izitrato zincinci, kusekho iinqaba zaseSpain kunye nezindlu ezinemihlaba. Umbindi wedolophu yi-Independence Square, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiCathedral Square.Ikomkhulu lomyalelo waseFrance xa amaFrentshi akha umjelo sele itshintshelwe kwiCentral Post nakwiTelecommunications Bureau.Kwakhona kukho ihotele esembindini kunye nebhotwe likabhishophu kulo mmandla. Emazantsi esithili esidala, iPlaza de Francia ingqongwe yimithi emhlophe ebomvu emhlophe.Kukho i-obelisk yokukhumbula abasebenzi baseFrance abakha umsele kwisikwere, kwaye kukho isakhiwo sezomthetho ngexesha lesithanga. Kwindlela engaselunxwemeni ngasemva kwesakhiwo, unokubona ubuhle bePanama Bay kunye neFlamenly Islands zigutyungelwe ngumsi omfusa.

Indawo yesithili esitsha inde kwaye imxinwa, edibanisa isithili esidala kunye nesixeko samandulo. Kukho ingcwaba labafel 'ukholo kwiPaki yoxolo kumazantsi mpuma esixeko. Kwikona yesikwere kukho iSakhiwo soMthetho sePanama.Kusekho amanqaku eebhulethi eludongeni lwesakhiwo.Le ikwayindawo yokuhlangana kweBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN ePanama ngo-Matshi 1973. I-Central Avenue kwisithili esitsha, ngokungqamene nonxweme, yeyona ndlela ibanzi kwaye ichume kakhulu esixekweni. Izitalato zommandla omtsha zicocekile, zinezakhiwo ezininzi zala maxesha eziphakamileyo kunye nezindlu ezintsha zegadi. Ezona zidumileyo zibandakanya iNational Theatre, iSan Francisco Church, iBolivar Institute, iAnthropology Museum, i-Ethnographic Museum kunye neCanal Museum.