[Umwirondoro wigihugu]

Trinidad na Tobago, izina ryuzuye rya Repubulika ya Trinidad na Tobago, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 5128. Iherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Antilles Ntoya, ireba Venezuela hakurya y'inyanja mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba. Igizwe n'ibirwa bibiri bya Karayibe ya Trinidad na Tobago muri Antilles Ntoya. Trinidad ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 4827 naho Tobago ifite kilometero kare 301. Ikirere gishyuha cyimvura. Ubushuhe ni 20-30 ℃.

Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara 8, imigi 5 nakarere ka 1 yigenga. Intara umunani ni Mutagatifu Andereya, Mutagatifu David, Mutagatifu George, Caroni, Nariva, Mayaro, Victoria na Mutagatifu Patrick. Imijyi 5 ni umurwa mukuru wa Port ya Espagne, San Fernando, Arema, Cape Fortin na Chaguanas. Ikirwa cya Tobago nigice cyakarere kigenga.

Trinidad yabanje gutura mubuhinde bwa Arawak na Karayibe. Mu 1498, Columbus yanyuze hafi y'icyo kirwa atangaza ko icyo kirwa ari icyesipanyoli. Yigaruriwe n'Ubufaransa mu 1781. Mu 1802, yashinzwe mu Bwongereza hashingiwe ku masezerano ya Amiens. Ikirwa cya Tobago cyanyuze mu marushanwa menshi hagati y'Uburengerazuba, Ubuholandi, Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza.Mu 1812, yagabanijwe mu bukoloni bw'Abongereza hashingiwe ku Masezerano y'i Paris. Ibyo birwa byombi byabaye ubukoloni bw’Abongereza mu 1889. Ubwigenge bw'imbere bwashyizwe mu bikorwa 1956. Yinjiye muri Federasiyo ya West Indies mu 1958. Ku ya 31 Kanama 1962, yatangaje ubwigenge maze aba umunyamuryango wa Commonwealth.Umwamikazi w’Ubwongereza yari umukuru w’igihugu. Itegekonshinga rishya ryatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Kanama 1976, rikuraho ubwami bugendera ku itegekonshinga, ryongera guhinduka repubulika, kandi n'ubu riracyari umunyamuryango wa Commonwealth.

Ibendera ry'igihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cy'uburebure n'ubugari bwa 5: 3. Ibendera ryumutuku ni umutuku.Umugozi mugari wumukara unyuze hejuru uva ibumoso ugana ibumoso ugana iburyo ugabanya ibendera ryumutuku hejuru ya mpandeshatu zingana. Hariho impande ebyiri zera zera kumpande zombi z'umukara mugari. Umutuku ugereranya imbaraga z'igihugu n'abaturage, kandi ugereranya ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe bw'izuba; umukara ugereranya imbaraga n'ubwitange bw'abaturage, ndetse n'ubumwe n'ubutunzi bw'igihugu; umweru ugereranya ejo hazaza h'igihugu no mu nyanja. Inyabutatu zombi zerekana Trinidad na Tobago.

Trinidad na Tobago bifite abaturage miliyoni 1.28. Muri bo, abirabura bagize 39,6%, Abahinde bangana na 40.3%, amoko avanze angana na 18.4%, abasigaye bakomoka mu Burayi, Abashinwa n'Abarabu. Ururimi rwemewe na lingua franca ni Icyongereza. Mu baturage, 29.4% bemera Gatolika, 10.9% bemera Abangilikani, 23.8% bemera Abahindu, 5.8% bemera Islam.

Trinidad na Tobago mubusanzwe cyari igihugu cyubuhinzi, cyane cyane gutera ibisheke no gutanga isukari. Umusaruro wa peteroli utangiye mu myaka ya za 70, iterambere ryubukungu ryihuse. Inganda za peteroli zabaye urwego rukomeye mu bukungu. Umutungo udasanzwe urimo ahanini peteroli na gaze gasanzwe. Trinidad na Tobago bifite kandi ikiyaga kinini kinini cya asfalt ku isi. Ikiyaga gifite ubuso bungana na hegitari 47 kandi kikaba gifite ububiko bwa toni miliyoni 12. Inganda ziva mu nganda zingana na 50% bya GDP. Ahanini gukuramo peteroli na gaze karemano no kuyitunganya, hagakurikiraho kubaka no gukora. Inganda nyamukuru zikora ni ifumbire, ibyuma, ibiryo, itabi, nibindi Trinidad na Tobago nicyo gihugu kinini cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ammonia na methanol. Ubuhinzi bukura cyane ibisheke, ikawa, kakao, citrusi, cocout n'umuceri. 75% by'ibiribwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ubutaka bwo guhinga igihugu bugera kuri hegitari 230.000. Ubukerarugendo nisoko rya gatatu rinini ry’ivunjisha. Mu myaka yashize, guverinoma ya Trinidad na Tobago yahinduye imiterere aho ubukungu bushingira cyane ku nganda za peteroli kandi buteza imbere ubukerarugendo cyane.

[Imijyi Nkuru]

Icyambu cya Espagne: Umurwa mukuru wa Trinidad na Tobago, icyambu cya Espagne (Port ya Espagne) ni umujyi mwiza wubusitani bwinyanja hamwe nicyambu cyamazi cyimbitse. Yigeze kugabanywa muri koloni ya Espagne hashize imyaka irenga 400, kandi yitirirwa. Iherereye ku nkombe y’iburengerazuba ya Trinidad, Uburengerazuba. Kuri dogere 11 z'uburebure bw'amajyaruguru, bibaho kuba hagati ya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo, bityo yitwa "ikigo cya Amerika." Abaturage n'uturere two mu nkengero ni abantu 420.000. Isi iri hafi ya ekwateri kandi irashyushye umwaka wose. Ubusanzwe wari umudugudu w'Abahinde uhinduka umurwa mukuru wa Trinidad kuva 1774.

Inyubako zo mumijyi ahanini zubatswe nuburyo bwa Espagne inyubako yamagorofa abiri.Hariho kandi inyubako za Gothique zifite inkuta zerekanwe mu myaka yo hagati, inyubako za Victorian na Jeworujiya mu Bwongereza, n’inyubako z’Abafaransa n’Ubutaliyani. Ibiti by'imikindo n'ibiti by'imyumbati ni byinshi mu mujyi. Hano hari insengero z'Abahinde n'imisigiti y'Abarabu. Ikigobe cya Malagas giherereye mu majyaruguru y’umujyi, gifite inyanja nziza kandi zifite isuku ku nkombe, ni inyanja izwi cyane muri Amerika yo Hagati. Ubusitani bwa Botanika mu majyaruguru yumujyi bwubatswe mu 1818 kandi bufite ibimera bishyuha biturutse impande zose zisi.