Boliviya, izina ryuzuye rya Repubulika ya Boliviya, ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1098581. Igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye muri Amerika yepfo. Iburengerazuba bugana muri Chili na Peru, naho amajyepfo yegeranye na Arijantine na Paraguay. Irahana imbibi na Berezile mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru. Ahanini mu bice by’iburasirazuba n’amajyaruguru y’iburasirazuba ni ibibaya bya alluvial byo mu ruzi rwa Amazone, bingana na 3/5 by’akarere k’igihugu, gifite abaturage bake. Igice cyo hagati nigice cyikibaya gifite ubuhinzi bwateye imbere, kandi imigi minini minini yibanze hano. Iburengerazuba hari ikibaya kizwi cyane cya Boliviya. Hejuru ya metero 1000 hejuru yinyanja. Ifite ikirere gishyuha.

Byari bigize Ingoma ya Inca mu kinyejana cya 13. Yabaye ubukoloni bwa Esipanye mu 1538 maze yitwa Upper Peru. Ku buyobozi bwa Simon Bolivar na Sucre, abaturage ba Boliviya babonye ubwigenge ku ya 6 Kanama 1825. Mu rwego rwo kwibuka intwari y'igihugu Simon Bolivar, Repubulika ya Boliviya yitiriwe Repubulika ya Bolivari, nyuma yaje guhindurwa ku izina ryayo. Kuva 1835 kugeza 1839, Boliviya na Peru bashinze federasiyo. Nyuma y’amakimbirane y’umupaka na Chili mu 1866, agace kari mu majyepfo ya dogere 24 z'uburebure bw’amajyepfo karatakaye. Mu 1883, byananiranye muri "Intambara ya pasifika" maze biha igice kinini cy’amabuye y’umunyu n’intara ya Antofagasta ku nkombe za Chili maze gihinduka igihugu kidafite inkombe.

Ibendera ryigihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cyuburebure n'ubugari bwa 3: 2. Kuva hejuru kugeza hasi, igizwe nuburyo butatu buringaniye buringaniye bwurukiramende rwumutuku, umuhondo, nicyatsi. Igice cyumuhondo gifite ikirango cyigihugu murwego rwagati. Igisobanuro cyumwimerere ni: umutuku ushushanya kwitanga mugihugu, umuhondo ugereranya ejo hazaza nicyizere, naho icyatsi kigereranya igihugu cyera. Ubu amabara atatu yerekana umutungo wingenzi wigihugu: umutuku ugereranya inyamaswa, umuhondo ugereranya amabuye y'agaciro, naho icyatsi kigereranya ibimera. Mubisanzwe, ibendera ryigihugu ridafite ikirango cyigihugu rikoreshwa.

Abaturage ba Boliviya ni miliyoni 9.025 (2003). Abatuye mu mijyi ni miliyoni 6.213, bangana na 68.8% by'abaturage bose, naho abatuye mu cyaro ni miliyoni 2.812, bangana na 31.2% by'abaturage bose. Muri bo, Abahinde bagize 54%, amoko avanze y'Abahinde n'Abanyaburayi bangana na 31%, n'abazungu bangana na 15%. Ururimi rwemewe ni icyesipanyoli. Indimi nyamukuru ni Quechua na Aimara. Abenegihugu benshi bizera Gatolika.

Boliviya ikungahaye ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, cyane cyane amabati, antimoni, tungsten, ifeza, zinc, gurş, umuringa, nikel, icyuma, zahabu, n'ibindi. Amabati ni toni miliyoni 1.15 naho ububiko bwa fer bugera kuri toni miliyari 45, bukurikira kabiri muri Berezile muri Amerika y'Epfo. Ibigega bya peteroli byemejwe ni miriyoni 929 na gaze gasanzwe ni metero kibe 52.3. Ishyamba rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 500.000, bingana na 48% by'ubutaka bw'igihugu. Boliviya n’icyamamare ku isi cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze y’amabuye y'agaciro.Inganda zayo ntizateye imbere kandi ibikomoka ku buhinzi n’ubworozi birashobora guhaza byinshi mu gihugu. Ni kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane muri Amerika yepfo. Guverinoma zagiye zisimburana zashyize mu bikorwa politiki y’ubukungu ya neoliberal, ihindura ubukungu bwa macro, ihindura imiterere y’ubukungu, igabanya uruhare rw’igihugu, kandi ishyiraho amategeko yo gushora imari (ni ukuvuga abikorera) ibigo bikomeye bya Leta. Ivugurura ry’ubukungu ryageze ku bisubizo bimwe, ubukungu bw’igihugu bwakomeje kwiyongera, kandi ifaranga ryarimo.

La Paz: La Paz (La Paz) numurwa mukuru wubutegetsi nubucuruzi bwubucuruzi bwa Boliviya, guverinoma nkuru ninteko ishinga amategeko ya Boliviya, n'umurwa mukuru wintara ya La Paz. Iherereye mu kibaya kiri hanze y’ikibaya cya Altiprano, ihana imbibi na Peru na Chili mu burengerazuba, ikibaya mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba, imisozi igana mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba, ibibaya bishyuha mu burasirazuba, n’imikandara y’amashyamba ku nkombe y’umugezi wa Amazone mu majyaruguru. Umugezi wa La Paz unyura mu mujyi. Umujyi ukikijwe n'imisozi, n'umusozi wa Ilimani umunara mu bicu kuruhande rumwe rw'umujyi. Umujyi wose wubatswe kumusozi uhanamye, ufite igitonyanga cya metero 800.Hakozwe ahantu nyaburanga hatandukanye rwose ku mpande zombi z'umujyi. Ku butumburuke bwa metero 3627, niwo murwa mukuru muremure ku isi. Ikirere ni subtropicale n'imisozi, hamwe n'ubushyuhe buri mwaka bwa 14 annual. Abaturage ni 794.000 (2001), muri bo 40% ni Abahinde.

La Paz yashinzwe n’Abesipanyoli mu 1548 hashingiwe ku mudugudu wa Inca. Muri icyo gihe, yagombaga gutanga ahantu ho kuruhukira imodoka ziva mu kirombe cya feza cya Potosi zerekeza i Lima, muri Peru. Icyesipanyoli bisobanura "amahoro y’amahoro". umujyi ". Kubera ko iherereye mu kibaya, abantu bahitamo hano kugirango bahunge by'agateganyo ikirere kibi cyo mu kibaya. Umudugudu witwa "Bikira Mariya La Paz" mu rwego rwo gushimira ikirere cyiza cy'aka karere. Mu kinyejana cya cumi n'umunani na cumi n'icyenda, La Paz yateye imbere ihinduka isoko rikomeye mu karere ka kibaya ndetse n’ikigo cy’ibikorwa byinshi by’ubucukuzi. Mu 1898, ibigo byinshi bya leta bya Boliviya bimukiye i Sucre bimukira i La Paz. Kuva icyo gihe, La Paz yabaye umurwa mukuru w’ukuri, ikigo cya politiki n’ubukungu by’igihugu, n’umujyi munini mu gihugu, mu gihe Sucre yagumanye izina ry’umurwa mukuru wemewe gusa.

Usibye imirimo ya leta, La Paz numujyi munini wubucuruzi ku kibaya. Inganda zo mumujyi zirimo gutunganya ibiryo, imyenda, inganda, ibirahure, ibikoresho, nibikoresho byamashanyarazi. La Paz ikungahaye ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro kandi ni ahantu hazwi cyane ku isi kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ahanini zinc, zahabu, ifeza, amabati, antimoni, tungsten, umuringa, icyuma, amavuta, gaze gasanzwe, nibindi, ububiko bwayo nubwiza biri mubyiza kwisi.

La Paz nayo ni ihuriro ryubwikorezi bwigihugu. Inzira nini zitwara abantu nka gari ya moshi, umuhanda munini, nindege zose ziteraniye hano. Hano hari gari ya moshi zihuza Chili, Arijantine, Berezile ndetse n’ibindi bihugu.Hari ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya La Paz kuri metero 3,819 hejuru y’inyanja, kikaba ari ikibuga cy’ubucuruzi kinini cyane ku isi.

Sucre: Sucre ni umurwa mukuru wemewe wa Boliviya n'icyicaro cy'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga. Iherereye mu kibaya cya Cachmayo kiri mu burasirazuba bw'imisozi y'iburasirazuba bwa Cordillera.Kuzengurutse impinga ebyiri, imwe ni Skaska indi ni Qunkra. Uburebure ni metero 2790. Impuzandengo yumwaka ni 21.8 21.. Imvura igwa buri mwaka ni 700 mm. Abaturage ni 216.000 (2001). Kubera ko inyubako nini ninyubako zo guturamo mumujyi byose byera, umujyi uzwiho "umujyi wera".

Umujyi wa Sucre mubusanzwe wari umudugudu wu Buhinde witwa Chuqui Saka. Umujyi washinzwe mu 1538. Mu 1559, abakoloni bo muri Esipanye bashizeho Urukiko Rukuru rw’ibibazo mu bukoloni bw’Abanyamerika. Mu 1624, Abajezuwiti bashinze kaminuza ya kera cyane muri Amerika, kaminuza ya San Francisco-Harbière. Kuri ubu iyi kaminuza ni ikigo cy’amashuri makuru ya Boliviya gifite abanyeshuri barenga 10,000. Imyigaragambyo ya mbere muri Amerika y'Epfo irwanya ubutegetsi bwa Esipanye yatangiriye hano ku ya 25 Gicurasi 1809, maze ubwigenge bwa Boliviya butangazwa ku ya 6 Kanama 1825. Umujyi wa Sucre witiriwe Sucre, perezida wa mbere wa Boliviya. Nkumufasha wa Bolivar, uwibohoye Amerika yepfo, Sucre yagize uruhare rukomeye mubwigenge bwa Boliviya. Kubera ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa, Sucre yatorewe kuba perezida wa mbere wa Boliviya. Mu 1839, umujyi wa Sucre wabaye umurwa mukuru wa Boliviya. Yabaye umurwa mukuru mu 1839 yitirirwa Perezida wa mbere Sucre umwaka ukurikira. Yabaye umurwa mukuru wemewe mu 1898 (Inteko ishinga amategeko na guverinoma biherereye muri La Paz).