Bolivia, izita rakazara reRepublic of Bolivia, rinofukidza nzvimbo inosvika makiromita mazana masere nemakumi masere neshanu nepfumbamwe. Nyika yakavharirwa iri pakati peSouth America. Kumadokero kunotungamira kuChile nePeru, uye iyo yekumaodzanyemba iri padhuze neArgentina neParaguay. Inoganhurana neBrazil kumabvazuva nekuchamhembe. Mazhinji emativi ekumabvazuva nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva ndiwo mapani ane ruzivo rweRwizi rweAmazon, ayo anoverengeka anosvika 3/5 enharaunda yenyika uye ane vanhu vashoma. Chikamu chepakati inzvimbo yemupata ine kurima kwakasimukira, uye maguta makuru mazhinji akaunganidzwa pano. Kumadokero kune Bani reBolivia rakakurumbira. Pamusoro pemamita 1000 pamusoro pegungwa. Iine mamiriro ekunze akadzikama.

Yaive chikamu cheInca Humambo muzana ramakore rechi13. Yakava koloni yeSpain muna 1538 uye yainzi Upper Peru. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwaSimon Bolivar naSucre, vanhu veBolivia vakawana kuzvitonga muna Nyamavhuvhu 6, 1825. Kuti varangarire gamba renyika Simon Bolivar, Bolivian Republic yakatumidzwa kuti Bolivar Republic, iyo yakazoshandurwa ikave zita razvino. Kubva 1835 kusvika 1839, Bolivia nePeru vakaumba mubatanidzwa. Mushure mekukakavadzana kwemuganhu neChile muna 1866, iyo nzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kwema 24 degrees kumaodzanyemba kwakarasika. Muna 1883, zvakakundikana mu "Hondo yePacific" uye yakapa nzvimbo yakakura yemigodhi yemunyu nedunhu remahombekombe eAntofagasta kuenda kuChile uye ikava nyika yakavharirwa.

Mureza wenyika: Iyo yakatetepa ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hwe3: 2. Kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, inoumbwa nematatu akaenzana uye akaenzana akaenzana akakona ered, yero, uye girini, aine chiratidzo chenyika mucherechedzo uri pakati peyero chikamu. Icho chirevo chepakutanga ndechekuti: tsvuku inomiririra kuzvipira kunyika, yero inomiririra ramangwana netariro, uye girini inomiririra nyika inoera. Zvino aya matatu mavara anomiririra zviwanikwa zvikuru zvenyika: tsvuku inomiririra mhuka, yero inomiririra zvicherwa, uye girini inomiririra zvirimwa. Kazhinji, mureza wenyika usina chiratidzo chenyika unoshandiswa.

Vagari veBolivia vane mamirioni 9.025 (2003). Vagari vemumaguta vane 6.213 mamirioni, vachiverengera 68.8% yehuwandu hwevanhu, uye vagari vekumaruwa vane 2.812 mamirioni, vachiverengera 31.2% yehuwandu hwevanhu. Pakati pavo, maIndia aive ne54%, maIndo -European marudzi akasanganiswa akaita 31%, uye vachena vakaita 15%. Mutauro wepamutemo chiSpanish. Mitauro mikuru yemadzinza Quechua neAimara. Vazhinji vagari vanotenda muchiKaturike.

Bolivia yakafuma mune zviwanikwa zvemaminerari, kunyanya tin, antimony, tungsten, sirivheri, zinc, lead, mhangura, nickel, iron, goridhe, nezvimwe. Tin matura ari 1,15 mamirioni matani uye esimbi matura angangoita makumi mashanu emabhiriyoni matani, wechipiri chete kuBrazil muLatin America. Akaratidza masura emafuta ane mabhiriyoni 929 emabhiramu uye gasi rechisikigo makumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emamiriyoni emamita. Sango rinofukidza nzvimbo inosvika mazana mashanu emazana emakiromita, inokwana 48% yenharaunda yenyika. Bolivia mutengesi ane mukurumbira pasi rose wezvicherwa zvigadzirwa.Iyo indasitiri haina kusimukira, uye zvigadzirwa zvaro zvekurima nezvipfuyo zvinokwanisa kusangana nezvakawanda zvinodiwa mudzimba.Iyo ndeimwe yenyika dzine hurombo muSouth America. Hurumende dzakateerana dzakateedzera neoliberal hupfumi, dzakadzikamisa upfumi hwese, dzakagadzirisa mamiriro ezvehupfumi, dzikamisa kupindira kwehurumende, ikapasisa mutemo wekupa mari (kureva., Kushambadza) mabhizinesi makuru ehurumende. Shanduko dzezvehupfumi dzakawana zvimwe zvibodzwa, hupfumi hwenyika hwakachengetedza kumwe kukura, uye inflation yakave irimo.

La Paz: La Paz (La Paz) ndiro guta rekutungamira uye nzvimbo yekutengesa yeBolivia, iyo yepakati hurumende neparamende yeBolivia, uye guta guru rePurovhinzi yeLa Paz. Iri mubani riri kunze kweAltiprano Plateau, iri pamuganhu wePeru neChile kumadokero, mapani kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, makomo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, mipata yetropiki kumabvazuva, uye mabhandi emasango emvura kumucheto kwerwizi rweAmazon kuchamhembe.Rwizi rweLa Paz runoyerera nemuguta. Guta rakakomberedzwa nemakomo, uye Gomo Ilimani rinorembera mumakore kune rimwe divi reguta. Guta rese rakavakirwa pamusoro pechikomo chakatsvedza, riine donhwe remamita mazana 800. Nzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana dzakasiyana dzinoumbwa kumagumo ese eguta. Pakukwirira kwemamita mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nematanhatu, ndiro guta guru pasi rese. Mamiriro ekunze akadzika uye ane makomo, aine avhareji tembiricha yegore ye14 ℃. Huwandu hwevanhu i744,000 (2001), uye makumi mana muzana maIndia.

La Paz yakavambwa neSpanish muna 1548 pahwaro hwemusha weInca. Panguva iyoyo, yaive yekupa nzvimbo yekuzorora yekotoni kubva kumugodhi wePotosi wesirivheri kuenda kuLima, Peru. ChiSpanish zvinoreva "rugare rworugare". guta ". Nekuti iri mumupata, vanhu vanosarudza pano kuti vatize kwenguva pfupi mamiriro ekunze akasviba ebani. Musha uyu unodanwa nerudo "Mukadzi Wedu weLa Paz" kurumbidza mamiriro ekunze enharaunda. Muzana ramakore gumi nemasere negumi nemapfumbamwe, La Paz yakatanga kuva nzvimbo huru yekugovera munzvimbo yemupata uye nzvimbo yemabasa akawanda emigodhi. Muna 1898, mazhinji ehurumende yeBolivia masangano akatama kubva kuSucre kuenda kuLa Paz. Kubva ipapo, La Paz rave iro iro de facto guta guru, iro rezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwenyika, uye guta rakakura kwazvo munyika, nepo Sucre yakangochengetedza zita reguta repamutemo. Pamusoro pebasa rehurumende, La Paz iri zvakare guta guru rekutengeserana pabani. Maindasitiri ari muguta anosanganisira kugadzira chikafu, machira, kugadzira, girazi, fanicha, nemidziyo yemagetsi. La Paz yakapfuma muzvicherwa zviwanikwa uye inzvimbo inozivikanwa pasi rese yekutumira zvigadzirwa zvemaminerari. Kunyanya zinc, goridhe, sirivheri, tini, antimoni, tungsten, mhangura, iron, oiri, gasi rechisikirwo, nezvimwewo, matura ayo uye mhando ndeimwe yepamusoro pasi.

La Paz zvakare inzvimbo yekutakura yenyika. Migwagwa mikuru yekutakura yakaita senjanji, migwagwa mikuru, uye avhiyesheni zvese zvakaungana pano. Kune njanji dzinobatanidza Chile, Argentina, Brazil nedzimwe nyika.Kune La Paz International Airport iri pamamita 3,819 pamusoro pegungwa, inova nhandare yepamusoro yekutengesa pasi rose.

Sucre: Sucre ndiro guta repamutemo reBolivia uye chigaro cheDare Repamusorosoro. Iyo iri muCachmayo Valley kumabvazuva kwetsoka dzeEastern Cordillera Mountains.Iyo yakakomberedzwa nemakomo maviri, imwe iri Skaska uye imwe iri Qunkra. Iko kukwirira kuri 2790 metres. Avhareji tembiricha yepagore ndeye 21.8 ℃. Kunaya kwegore negore kuri 700 mm. Huwandu hwevanhu i216,000 (2001). Nekuti zvivakwa zvikuru nezvivakwa zvekugara muguta zvese zvichena, guta rine mukurumbira we "chena guta".

Guta reSucre pakutanga raive musha weIndia wainzi Chuqui Saka. Guta rakavambwa muna 1538. Muna 1559, vaKoloni veSpain vakagadza pano Dare Repamusorosoro reInterrogation, iro rakakwirira danho rekutonga remakoroni eAmerica. Muna 1624, maJesuit akagadzira yunivhesiti yechinyakare muAmerica, iyo University yeSan Francisco-Harbière. Iyi yunivhesiti parizvino iri Bolivian National Yepamusoro Dzidzo Center ine vanopfuura 10,000 vadzidzi. Kumukira kwekutanga muSouth America kurwisa hutongi hweSpain kwakatanga pano musi waMay 25, 1809, uye kuzvitonga kweBolivia kwakaziviswa musi waAugust 6, 1825. Guta reSucre rakatumidzwa zita raSucre, mutungamiri wekutanga weBolivia. Semubatsiri waBolivar, mununuri weSouth America, Sucre akaridza danho rakasimba mukusununguka kweBolivia. Nekuda kwekukodzera kwake kwakakosha, Sucre akasarudzwa semutungamiriri wekutanga weBolivia. Muna 1839, guta reSucre rakava guta guru reBolivia. Yakava guta guru muna 1839 uye yakatumidzwa zita reMutungamiriri Sucre wekutanga gore rakatevera. Yakava guta repamutemo mu1898 (Paramende nehurumende zviri muLa Paz).