IBolivia, igama eligcwele leRiphabhulikhi yaseBolivia, ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-1098581. Izwe elingavinjelwe elisenkabeni yeNingizimu Melika. Intshonalanga iholela eChile nasePeru, kanti iningizimu iseduze ne-Argentina neParaguay. Unqamula iBrazil empumalanga nasenyakatho. Ingxenye enkulu yezingxenye ezisempumalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yamathafa agudle uMfula i-Amazon, obala cishe u-3/5 wendawo yezwe, enabantu abambalwa. Ingxenye emaphakathi iyisigodi esinolimo esithuthukile, futhi amadolobha amaningi amakhulu agxile lapha. Entshonalanga kuneNtaba yaseBolivia edumile. Ngaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-1000 ngaphezu kolwandle. Inesimo sezulu esipholile.

Kwakuyingxenye yoMbuso Wama-Inca ngekhulu le-13. Yaba ikoloni laseSpain ngo-1538 futhi labizwa ngokuthi i-Upper Peru. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaSimon Bolivar noSucre, abantu baseBolivia bathola inkululeko ngo-Agasti 6, 1825. Ukuze kukhunjulwe iqhawe lesizwe uSimon Bolivar, iRiphabhuliki yaseBolivia yaqanjwa ngokuthi yiRiphabhlikhi yaseBolivar futhi kamuva yashintsha yaba igama layo lamanje. Kusukela ngo-1835 kuya ku-1839, iBolivia nePeru bakha umfelandawonye. Ngemuva kwengxabano yomngcele neChile ngo-1866, indawo eseningizimu yama-degree angama-24 eningizimu yalahleka. Ngo-1883, yehluleka "eMpini YasePacific" futhi yanikeza indawo enkulu yezimayini ze-saltpeter kanye nesifundazwe esingasogwini i-Antofagasta eChile futhi yaba yizwe elingavinjelwe.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande elinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Kusukela phezulu kuye phansi, yakhiwa onxande abathathu abafanayo nabalinganayo ababomvu, abaphuzi, nabaluhlaza okotshani, nephethini yesibonakaliso sikazwelonke maphakathi nengxenye ephuzi. Incazelo yoqobo ithi: okubomvu kufanekisela ukuzinikezela ezweni, ophuzi umele ikusasa nethemba, kanti okuluhlaza kufanekisela umhlaba ongcwele. Manje le mibala emithathu imele izinsizakusebenza eziyinhloko zezwe: okubomvu kumele izilwane, ophuzi umele amaminerali, kuthi okuluhlaza kumele izitshalo. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa ifulegi likazwelonke elingenalo uphawu lwesizwe.

Inani labantu baseBolivia liyizigidi eziyi-9.025 (2003). Inani labantu basemadolobheni liyizigidi ezingama-6.213, kubalwa u-68.8% wabantu bonke, kanti abantu basemakhaya bangama-2.812 wezigidi, babalelwa ku-31.2% wabantu bonke. Phakathi kwabo, amaNdiya abenze u-54%, izinhlanga ezixubekile zase-Indo-European zaba ngu-31%, kwathi abamhlophe baba ngu-15%. Ulimi olusemthethweni iSpanishi. Izilimi eziyinhloko zobuQuechua nesi-Aimara. Izakhamizi eziningi zikholelwa kubuKhatholika.

IBolivia icebile ngezinsizakusebenza zamaminerali, ikakhulukazi i-tin, i-antimony, i-tungsten, isiliva, i-zinc, umthofu, ithusi, i-nickel, i-iron, igolide, njll. Izinqolobane zethini zingamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.15 kanti izinqolobane zensimbi cishe zingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-45, ilandela ngeBrazil kuphela eLatin America. Imithombo kawoyela efakazelwe iyimiphongolo eyizigidi ezingama-929 kanti igesi yemvelo ingamamitha ayi-cubic angu-52.3 trillion. Leli hlathi lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-500,000, elibala u-48% wendawo yomhlaba. IBolivia ingumthengisi odume umhlaba wonke wemikhiqizo yezimbiwa phansi.Imboni yayo ayithuthuki kahle, kanti nemikhiqizo yayo yezolimo nemfuyo ingahlangabezana nezidingo eziningi zasekhaya.Ngelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu eNingizimu Melika. Ohulumeni abalandelanayo basebenzise izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ezisekela, basimamisa umnotho omkhulu, balungisa isimo sezomnotho, banciphisa ukungenelela kombuso, baphasisa nomthetho ukuze benze imali (okungukuthi, benze kube yimfihlo) amabhizinisi amakhulu kahulumeni. Izinguquko kwezomnotho zizuze imiphumela ethile, umnotho wezwe ugcine ukukhula okuthile, futhi ne-inflation ibikade ikhona.

ILa Paz: ILa Paz (iLa Paz) iyinhloko-dolobha yezokuphatha kanye nesikhungo sezentengiselwano saseBolivia, uhulumeni omkhulu kanye nephalamende laseBolivia, kanye nenhlokodolobha yeSifundazwe saseLa Paz. Itholakala esigodini esingaphandle kwe-Altiprano Plateau, emngceleni wePeru neChile ngasentshonalanga, amathafa ngaseningizimu-ntshonalanga, izintaba ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga, izigodi ezishisayo empumalanga, namabhande amahlathi emvula onqenqemeni loMfula i-Amazon ngasenyakatho.Umfula iLa Paz ugeleza unqamule edolobheni. Idolobha lizungezwe izintaba, kanti iNtaba i-Ilimani idonsela emafwini kolunye uhlangothi lwedolobha. Idolobha lonke lakhiwe egqumeni elitshekile, ngokuwa okungamamitha ayi-800. Kwakheka izindawo ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele emaphethelweni womabili edolobha. Ekuphakameni kwamamitha angama-3627, iyinhloko-dolobha ephakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Isimo sezulu sishisa kakhulu futhi sinezintaba, ngesilinganiso sokushisa saminyaka yonke esingu-14 ℃. Inani labantu liyi-794,000 (2001), okuyi-40% yabo ngamaNdiya.

ILa Paz yasungulwa ngabaseSpain ngo-1548 ngesisekelo somuzi wase-Inca. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuzohlinzeka ngendawo yokuphumula yohidevane olusuka emayini yesiliva yasePotosi luye eLima, ePeru. I-Spanish isho ukuthi "ukuthula kokuthula". idolobha ". Ngenxa yokuthi isesigodini, abantu bakhetha lapha ukweqa okwesikhashana isimo sezulu esibuhlungu sethafa. Leli dolobhana libizwa ngothando ngokuthi "uMama wethu waseLa Paz" ukuncoma isimo sezulu esihle sendawo. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili neshumi nesishiyagalolunye, iLa Paz yathuthuka yaba yindawo enkulu yokuphakela endaweni yasethafeni kanye nesikhungo semisebenzi eminingi yezimayini. Ngo-1898, iningi lezinkampani zikahulumeni waseBolivia zasuka eSucre zaya eLa Paz. Kusukela lapho, iLa Paz isiphenduke inhlokodolobha ye-de facto, isikhungo sezepolitiki nezomnotho sezwe, nedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke ezweni, ngenkathi iSucre igcina igama lenhlokodolobha yezomthetho kuphela.

Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, iLa Paz futhi iyidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke lezentengiselwano ethafeni. Izimboni ezisedolobheni zibandakanya ukucubungula ukudla, izindwangu, ukukhiqiza, ingilazi, ifenisha nemishini kagesi. ILa Paz icebile ngemithombo yamaminerali futhi iyindawo yokuthekelisa edume umhlaba wonke yemikhiqizo yezimbiwa. Ngokuyinhloko i-zinc, igolide, isiliva, ithini, i-antimony, i-tungsten, ithusi, i-iron, u-oyela, igesi yemvelo, njll., Izinqolobane zayo nekhwalithi ziphakathi kwezihamba phambili emhlabeni.

ILa Paz nayo iyindawo yokuhamba yezwe lonke. Imizila emikhulu yokuhamba efana nojantshi, imigwaqo emikhulu, nezindiza konke kuhlangene lapha. Kunezitimela ezixhumanisa iChile, iArgentina, iBrazil namanye amazwe.Kukhona iLa Paz International Airport ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-3,819 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, okuyisikhumulo sezindiza esiphakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

I-Sucre: I-Sucre iyinhloko-dolobha yezomthetho yaseBolivia futhi iyisihlalo seNkantolo Ephakeme. Itholakala esigodini saseCachmayo onyaweni olusempumalanga lwezintaba zase-Eastern Cordillera.Izungezwe iziqongo ezimbili, enye iSkaska enye iQunkra. Ukuphakama ngamamitha angu-2790. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nonyaka lingu-21.8 ℃. Imvula yonyaka ingu-700 mm. Isibalo sabantu singama-216,000 (2001). Ngenxa yokuthi amabhilidi amakhulu nezakhiwo zokuhlala edolobheni zonke zimhlophe, idolobha linegama “ledolobha elimhlophe”.

Idolobha laseSucre ekuqaleni kwakuyidolobhana laseNdiya elalibizwa ngeChuqui Saka. Idolobha lasungulwa ngo-1538. Ngo-1559, amakholoni aseSpain asungula iNkantolo Ephakeme Yobulungiswa emakoloni aseMelika, iGrand Interrogation Chamber. Ku-1624, amaJesuit adala eyunivesithi endala kunazo zonke eMelika, i-University of San Francisco-Harbière. Le nyuvesi njengamanje yiBolivian National Higher Education Center enabafundi abangaphezu kwe-10,000. Ukuvukela kokuqala eNingizimu Melika ngokumelene nomthetho waseSpain kwagqashuka lapha ngoMeyi 25, 1809, kwathi ukuzimela kweBolivia kwamenyezelwa ngo-Agasti 6, 1825. Idolobha laseSucre liqanjwe ngoSucre, umongameli wokuqala waseBolivia. Njengomsizi kaBolivar, umkhululi weNingizimu Melika, uSucre wadlala indima enkulu enkulumweni yaseBolivia. Ngenxa yokufaneleka kwakhe okuvelele, uSucre wakhethwa njengomongameli wokuqala waseBolivia. Ngo-1839, idolobha laseSucre laba yinhloko-dolobha yaseBolivia. Yaba yinhloko dolobha ngo-1839 futhi yaqanjwa ngegama likaMongameli wokuqala uSucre ngonyaka olandelayo. Yaba yinhloko dolobha esemthethweni ngo-1898 (iPhalamende nohulumeni baseLa Paz).