I-Bolivia, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhlikhi yaseBolivia, igubungela indawo ye-1098581 yeekhilomitha. Ilizwe elinomhlaba elikumbindi woMzantsi Merika. Intshona ikhokelela eChile nasePeru, kwaye emazantsi akufutshane neArgentina neParaguay. Imida eBrazil ukuya empuma nasemantla. Uninzi lwamalungu asempuma nakumntla mpuma ngamathafa aluhlaza oMlambo iAmazon, abala malunga ne-3/5 yommandla welizwe, enabantu abambalwa. Inxalenye esembindini yindawo eyintlambo enezolimo eziphuhlileyo, kwaye uninzi lweedolophu ezinkulu zigxile apha. Ngasentshona kukho ihewu elidumileyo laseBolivia. Ngaphezulu kweemitha ezili-1000 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. Inemozulu epholileyo.

Yayiyinxalenye yoBukhosi beInca ngenkulungwane ye-13. Yaba likholoni laseSpain ngo-1538 yaza yabizwa ngokuba yi-Upper Peru. Ngaphantsi kobunkokheli bukaSimon Bolivar noSucre, abantu baseBolivia bazuza inkululeko ngo-Agasti 6, 1825. Ukukhumbula iqhawe lesizwe uSimon Bolivar, iRiphabhlikhi yaseBolivia yabizwa ngokuba yiRiphabhlikhi yaseBolivar, eyathi kamva yatshintshwa yaba ligama langoku. Ukususela ngo-1835 ukuya ku-1839, iBolivia nePeru zakha umanyano. Emva kwengxabano yomda neChile ngo-1866, umhlaba osemazantsi ama-24 degrees kumazantsi el latitude alahlekile. Ngo-1883, yahluleka "kwiMfazwe yasePacific" kwaye yanciphisa indawo enkulu yemigodi yetyuwa kunye nephondo eliselunxwemeni lase-Antofagasta ukuya eChile kwaye yaba lilizwe elingenamhlaba.

Iflegi yesizwe: yoxande kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi, ibunjwe ngoxande abathathu abathe tye aba tyekileyo obomvu, mthubi, nohlaza.Inxalenye etyheli inepatheni yomfuziselo wesizwe embindini. Intsingiselo yantlandlolo yile: ebomvu ibonisa ukuzinikezela kwilizwe, tyheli imele ikamva kunye nethemba, kwaye okuluhlaza kufanekisela umhlaba ongcwele. Ngoku le mibala mithathu imele ezona zixhobo ziphambili zeli lizwe: umbala obomvu umele izilwanyana, tyheli umele izimbiwa, kwaye uluhlaza umele izityalo. Ngokubanzi, kusetyenziswa iflegi yesizwe ngaphandle komqondiso welizwe.

Inani labantu baseBolivia li-9.025 yezigidi (2003). Inani labemi basezidolophini li-6.213 yezigidi, kubalwa i-68.8% yabemi bebonke, kwaye abantu basemaphandleni yi-2.812 yezigidi, babala i-31.2% yabantu bebonke. Phakathi kwabo, amaIndiya enza i-54%, iintlanga ezixubileyo zase-Indo-European zenza i-31%, kwaye abamhlophe babalelwa kwi-15%. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni sisiSpanish. Ezona lwimi ziphambili kubuQuechua naseAimara. Uninzi lwabahlali lukholelwa kubuKatolika.

IBolivia ityebile kwimithombo yezimbiwa, ikakhulu itin, iantimony, i-tungsten, isilivere, i-zinc, ilothe, ubhedu, i-nickel, isinyithi, igolide, njl. Oovimba beetin zizigidi ezili-1.15 zeetoni kwaye oovimba bentsimbi bamalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-45 zeetoni, emva koko kulandele iBrazil eBelgium. Ugcino lweoyile oluqinisekisiweyo zizigidi ezingama-929 zemigodi kunye negesi yendalo ngama-52.3 trillion eenyawo zenyawo. Ihlathi ligubungela ummandla we-500,000 yeekhilomitha, ebala i-48% yommandla welizwe. IBolivia ngumthumeli odumileyo othumela imveliso yezimbiwa kwilizwe lonke.Umzi mveliso wayo awuphuhlanga kwaye imveliso yawo yezolimo kunye nemfuyo inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zasekhaya. lelinye lawona mazwe ahlwempuzekileyo eMzantsi Melika. Oorhulumente abaphumeleleyo basebenzise imigaqo-nkqubo ye-neo-liberal, bazinzisa uqoqosho olukhulu, balungelelanisa imeko yezoqoqosho, banciphisa ungenelelo lukarhulumente, kwaye bapasisa umthetho ukuze benze imali (oko kukuthi, babeke bucala) amashishini amakhulu karhulumente. Uhlaziyo lwezoqoqosho lufezekisile iziphumo ezithile, uqoqosho lwesizwe luye lwagcina ukukhula okuthile, kwaye nexabiso lentengo sele likho.

ILa Paz: ILa Paz likomkhulu lolawulo kunye neziko lezorhwebo laseBolivia, urhulumente ophakathi kunye nepalamente yaseBolivia, kunye nekomkhulu lePhondo laseLa Paz. Ime kwintlambo engaphandle kweAltiprano Plateau, ekumda wePeru kunye neChile ngasentshona, amathafa asemazantsi-ntshona, iintaba kumazantsi mpuma, iintlambo ezishushu ngasempuma, kunye namabhanti amahlathi emvula akumda woMlambo iAmazon ukuya emantla.UMlambo i-La Paz uqukuqela esixekweni. Isixeko singqongwe ziintaba, kwaye iNtaba i-Ilimani indanda emafini kwelinye icala lesixeko. Isixeko siphela sakhiwe kwinduli ethambekileyo, ngethontsi leemitha ezingama-800. Imihlaba emibini eyahluke mpela yenziwa kumacala omabini esixeko, oko kukuthi intsalela yelitye elikhulu lekhephu kunye nomthunzi wemithi eluhlaza. Ukuphakama kweemitha ezingama-3627, lelona komkhulu likhulu ehlabathini. Imozulu ishushu kwaye ineentaba, ngamaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-14 ℃. Abemi ngama-794,000 (2001), ama-40% abo ngamaNdiya.

I-La Paz yasekwa yi-Spanish ngo-1548 kwisiseko selali yaseInca. Ngelo xesha, yayikukubonelela ngendawo yokuphumla koonogada abasuka kumgodi wesilivere wasePotosi oya eLima, ePeru. I-Spanish ithetha "uxolo loxolo". isixeko ". Ngenxa yokuba imi ethafeni, abantu bakhetha apha ukubaleka okwethutyana kwimozulu embi yale ntili. Le lali ibizwa ngokuba yi "Lady of La Paz" yethu ukuncoma imozulu entle yale ndawo. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo elineshumi elinesithoba, iLa Paz yaphuhliswa yaba yindawo yokubonelela kwindawo ethe tyaba kunye neziko lemisebenzi emininzi yezemigodi. Ngo-1898, uninzi lweearhente zikarhulumente zaseBolivia zasuka eSucre zaya eLa Paz. Ukusukela ngoko, iLa Paz iye yaba likomkhulu le-de facto, iziko lezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kweli lizwe, kunye nesona sixeko sikhulu kweli lizwe, ngelixa iSucre igcine igama lekomkhulu elisemthethweni.

Ukongeza kwimisebenzi karhulumente, iLa Paz sesona sixeko sikhulu sorhwebo kwithafa. Amashishini esixekweni abandakanya ukwenziwa kokutya, amalaphu, imveliso, iglasi, ifanitshala kunye nezixhobo zombane. ILa Paz ityebile kwimithombo yezimbiwa kwaye yindawo edumileyo yokuthumela ngaphandle iimveliso zeeminerali. Ngokukodwa i-zinc, igolide, isilivere, i-tin, i-antimony, i-tungsten, ithusi, i-iron, i-oyile, igesi yendalo, njl. Njl., Oovimba bayo kunye nomgangatho ziphakathi kwezona zibalaseleyo emhlabeni.

ILa Paz ikwayindawo yokuhambisa ilizwe lonke. Iindlela ezinkulu zothutho ezinje ngoololiwe, oohola bendlela, kunye nokuhamba ngenqwelomoya konke kuhlanganisiwe apha. Kukho oololiwe abadibanisa iChile, iArgentina, iBrazil namanye amazwe.Kukho isikhululo seenqwelomoya i-La Paz esikwiimitha ezingama-3,819 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, esisona sikhululo seenqwelomoya siphezulu ehlabathini.

I-Sucre: I-Sucre yinkunzi yezomthetho yaseBolivia kunye nesihlalo seNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ime kwiNtlambo yaseCachmayo kumazantsi eentaba zeMpuma yeCordillera zijikelezwe ziincopho ezimbini, enye yiNtaba yeSkaska enye Intaba yaseQunkra. Ukuphakama ziimitha ezingama-2790. Iqondo lobushushu lonyaka ngama-21.8 ℃. Imvula yonyaka ngama-700 mm. Abemi ngama-216,000 (2001). Kuba ezona zakhiwo ziphambili kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala esixekweni zimhlophe zonke, isixeko esi sidume ngokuba "sisixeko esimhlophe".

Isixeko saseSucre ekuqaleni yayiyilali yaseIndiya egama linguChuqui Saka. Isixeko sasekwa ngo-1538. Ngomnyaka we-1559, iikholoni zaseSpain zaseka iNkundla ePhakamileyo yokuNcinwa kwabantu kwiikholoni zaseMelika. Kwi-1624, amaJesuit adala eyunivesithi yakudala eMelika, iYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco-Harbière. Le yunivesithi kungoku nje liziko leMfundo ePhakamileyo laseBolivia elinabafundi abangaphezulu kwe-10,000. Uqhushululu lokuqala eMzantsi Melika nxamnye nomthetho waseSpain lwaqhambuka apha ngoMeyi 25, 1809, kwaye inkululeko yaseBolivia yabhengezwa ngo-Agasti 6, 1825. Isixeko saseSucre sathiywa ngegama likaSucre, umongameli wokuqala waseBolivia. Njengomncedisi waseBolivar, umkhululi wenkululeko eMzantsi Melika, uSucre wadlala indima enkulu kwinkululeko yaseBolivia. Ngenxa yokuqaqamba kwakhe, uSucre wonyulwa njengomongameli wokuqala waseBolivia. Kwi-1839, isixeko saseSucre saba likomkhulu laseBolivia. Yaba likomkhulu ngo-1839 yaza yathiywa ngegama lika-Mongameli wokuqala u-Sucre kunyaka olandelayo. Ibe likomkhulu lezomthetho ngo-1898 (iPalamente kunye noRhulumente bakwiLa Paz).