Ubufaransa bwitwa Repubulika y'Ubufaransa. Ubufaransa buherereye mu burengerazuba bw’Uburayi, buhana imbibi n’Ububiligi, Luxembourg, Ubusuwisi, Ubudage, Ubutaliyani, Espanye, Andorra, na Monaco, bwerekeza mu Bwongereza bwambukiranya umuhanda wa La Manche mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, kandi buhana imbibi n'Inyanja y'Amajyaruguru, Umuyoboro w'Ubwongereza, Inyanja ya Atalantika n'Inyanja ya Mediterane. Corsica ni ikirwa kinini mu Bufaransa. Ubutaka buri hejuru mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba no hasi mumajyaruguru yuburengerazuba, hamwe nibibaya bingana na bibiri bya gatatu byubuso. Imisozi minini ni imisozi miremire na Pyrenees. Mont Blanc ku mupaka w’Ubufaransa n’Ubutaliyani ni metero 4810 hejuru y’inyanja, impinga ndende mu Burayi. Inzuzi nini ni Loire (1010 km), Rhone (812 km), na Seine (776 km). Igice cy’iburengerazuba cy’Ubufaransa gifite ikirere cy’amashyamba y’ikirere gifite amababi yagutse, amajyepfo afite ikirere giciriritse cya Mediterane, naho ibice byo hagati n’iburasirazuba bifite ikirere cy’umugabane.

Ubufaransa bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 551.600, kandi igihugu kigabanyijemo uturere, intara, namakomine. Intara ifite uturere nintara zidasanzwe, ariko ntabwo ari uturere twubuyobozi. Intara nishami ryubucamanza n’amatora. Ubufaransa bufite uturere 22, intara 96, intara 4 zo mu mahanga, intara 4 zo mu mahanga, n’akarere kamwe k’ubuyobozi bufite imiterere yihariye. Mu gihugu hariho amakomine 36,679.

Uturere 22 tw’Ubufaransa ni: Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Bourgogne, Brittany, Akarere ko hagati, Champagne-Ardenne, Corsica, Fran Château-Condé, Akarere ka Paris, Lancédoc-Roussion, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrénées, Nord-Calais, Normandy yo hepfo, Normandy yo haruguru, Loire, Picardy Boitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes.

Abagali batuye hano muri BC. Mu kinyejana cya mbere mbere ya Yesu, guverineri wa Gallic wa Roma, Sezari, yigaruriye akarere kose ka Gallic, kandi ategekwa na Roma imyaka 500. Mu kinyejana cya 5 nyuma ya Yesu, Abafaransa bigaruriye Gauli maze bashinga ubwami bw'Abafaransa. Nyuma yikinyejana cya 10, societe ya feodal yateye imbere byihuse. Mu 1337, umwami w'Ubwongereza yifuje intebe y'Ubufaransa maze "Intambara y'Imyaka ijana" iratangira. Mu minsi ya mbere, uduce twinshi tw’ubutaka mu Bufaransa twatewe n’abongereza maze Umwami w’Ubufaransa arafatwa. Nyuma yaho, Abafaransa barwanye intambara yo kurwanya igitero barangiza Intambara y’imyaka ijana mu 1453. Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 15 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16, hashyizweho igihugu gishyizwe hamwe.

Mu kinyejana cya 17 rwagati, ingoma ya cyami y'Ubufaransa yageze ku rwego rwo hejuru. Iterambere ry’imbaraga za burugumesitiri, Impinduramatwara y’Abafaransa yatangiye mu 1789, ikuraho ubwami, ishinga Repubulika ya mbere ku ya 22 Nzeri 1792. Ku ya 9 Ugushyingo 1799 (Fog Moon 18), Napoleon Bonaparte yafashe ubutegetsi maze yiyita umwami mu 1804, ashinga Ingoma ya mbere. Impinduramatwara yatangiye muri Gashyantare 1848 hashyirwaho Repubulika ya kabiri. Mu 1851, Perezida Louis Bonaparte yatangije guhirika ubutegetsi maze ashinga Ingoma ya kabiri mu Kuboza umwaka ukurikira. Nyuma yo gutsindwa mu ntambara ya Franco-Prussia mu 1870, Repubulika ya gatatu yashinzwe muri Nzeri 1871 kugeza igihe leta ya Petain y'Abafaransa yishyikirije Ubudage muri Kamena 1940, Repubulika ya gatatu ikagwa. Ubufaransa bwatewe n'Ubudage mu Ntambara ya Mbere n'iya kabiri. Guverinoma y'agateganyo yatangajwe muri Kamena 1944, maze Itegeko Nshinga ryemezwa mu 1946, rishyiraho Repubulika ya Kane. Muri Nzeri 1958, itegeko nshinga rishya ryatowe kandi hashyirwaho Repubulika ya gatanu. Charles de Gaulle, Pompidou, Destin, Mitterrand, Chirac, na Sarkozy babaye perezida.

Ibendera ry'igihugu: Ibendera ry'Ubufaransa ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cy'uburebure n'ubugari bwa 3: 2. Ubuso bwibendera bugizwe nuburyo butatu buringaniye kandi buringaniye buringaniye, burimo ubururu, umweru, numutuku kuva ibumoso ugana iburyo. Hariho amasoko menshi yibendera ryUbufaransa, uyihagarariye cyane ni: mugihe cya revolution ya burugumesitiri y’Abafaransa mu 1789, ingabo z’igihugu cya Paris zakoresheje ibendera ry'ubururu, umweru, n'umutuku nk'ibendera ry'ikipe. Umweru hagati ugereranya umwami kandi ushushanya umwanya wera wumwami; umutuku nubururu biri kumpande zombi, bigereranya abenegihugu ba Paris; icyarimwe, ayo mabara uko ari atatu agereranya umuryango wibwami wubufaransa nubufatanye bwa burugumesitiri wa Paris. Bavuga kandi ko ibendera rya tricolor ryari ikimenyetso cya Revolution y'Abafaransa, ryerekana ubwisanzure, uburinganire, n'ubuvandimwe.

Abaturage b’Ubufaransa ni 63.392.100 (guhera ku ya 1 Mutarama 2007), barimo miliyoni 4 z’abanyamahanga, muri bo miliyoni 2 bakomoka mu bihugu by’Uburayi, naho abimukira bagera kuri miliyoni 4.9, bangana na 8.1% by’abatuye igihugu cyose . Igifaransa Rusange. 62% by'abaturage bemera Gatolika, 6% bemera Abayisilamu, naho umubare muto w'Abaporotesitanti, Abayahudi, Ababuda, n'Abakristu ba orotodogisi, naho 26% bavuga ko badafite imyizerere ishingiye ku idini.

Ubufaransa bufite ubukungu bwateye imbere. Mu 2006, umusaruro rusange w’igihugu wari miliyari 2,153.746 USD, uza ku mwanya wa gatandatu ku isi, umuturage afite agaciro ka $ 35.377. Inzego nyamukuru zinganda zirimo ubucukuzi, metallurgie, ibyuma, gukora imodoka, no kubaka ubwato. Inzego nshya z’inganda nk’ingufu za kirimbuzi, ibikomoka kuri peteroli, iterambere ry’inyanja, indege n’ikirere byateye imbere byihuse mu myaka yashize, kandi uruhare rwabo ku bicuruzwa biva mu nganda rwakomeje kwiyongera. Nyamara, urwego rwinganda gakondo ruracyiganje mu nganda, ibyuma, imodoka, nubwubatsi nkinkingi eshatu. Umugabane winganda za kaminuza mubukungu bwUbufaransa uragenda wiyongera uko umwaka utashye. Muri byo, ubucuruzi bw’itumanaho, amakuru, serivisi z’ubukerarugendo n’inzego zitwara abantu bwiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, kandi abakozi b’inganda zitanga serivisi bagera kuri 70% by’abakozi bose.

Ubucuruzi bwigifaransa bwateye imbere ugereranije, kandi ibicuruzwa byinjiza amafaranga menshi ni kugurisha ibiryo. Ubufaransa n’umusaruro munini w’ubuhinzi mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi uhereza ibicuruzwa byinshi mu buhinzi n’uruhande ku isi. Umusaruro w'ibiribwa ufite kimwe cya gatatu cy'umusaruro w’ibiribwa byose mu Burayi, naho ibyoherezwa mu buhinzi byoherezwa ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma y’Amerika ku isi. Ubufaransa n’igihugu cy’ubukerarugendo kizwi cyane ku isi, cyakira impuzandengo ya ba mukerarugendo barenga miliyoni 70 buri mwaka, kirenga abaturage bacyo. Umurwa mukuru, Paris, ahantu nyaburanga ku nkombe za Mediterane na Atlantike, na Alpes ni ahantu nyaburanga. Inzu ndangamurage zizwi cyane mu Bufaransa zirimo umurage w'agaciro w'umuco w'isi. Ubufaransa nabwo ni igihugu gikomeye mu bucuruzi ku isi. Muri byo, divayi irazwi cyane ku isi, kandi divayi yohereza ibicuruzwa mu gice cya kabiri cy’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Byongeye kandi, imyambarire y’Abafaransa, ibiryo by’Abafaransa, na parufe y’Abafaransa byose bizwi ku isi.

Ubufaransa nigihugu cyurukundo rwateye imbere mumico. Nyuma yubuzima bushya, hagaragaye umubare munini w abanditsi bazwi, abahimbyi, abarangi, nka Molière, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hugo, nibindi. Ifite ingaruka zikomeye ku isi.

Ibintu bishimishije

Abafaransa bakunda foromaje, bityo imigani itandukanye yerekeye foromaje nayo yumvikana kumunwa, kandi yabitswe imyaka myinshi.

Foromaje ya Kamembert ifite amateka maremare muri kano karere, imaze ibinyejana birenga bibiri, kandi yamye ikomeza ubukorikori gakondo. Nkurikije imigani, umugore wumuhinzi yakiriye resept ya foromaje ya Brie nyuma gato y’impinduramatwara y’Abafaransa mu 1791 maze ahabwa umupadiri watorotse mu isambu ye. Uyu mugore wumuhinzi yahujije ikirere cyaho hamwe na terroir ya Normandy ashingiye kuri resept, arangije akora foromaje ya CAMEMBERT, ihinduka foromaje izwi cyane mubufaransa. Yahaye umukobwa we ibanga rya resept. Nyuma, umuntu witwa Ridel yashyigikiye gupakira foromaje ya Camembert mu dusanduku twibiti kugirango bitwarwe byoroshye, bityo byoherezwa ku isi yose.

Paris: Paris, umurwa mukuru w’Ubufaransa, niwo mujyi munini ku mugabane w’Uburayi kandi ni umwe mu mijyi itera imbere ku isi. Paris iherereye mu majyaruguru y’Ubufaransa.Uruzi rwa Seine runyura muri uyu mujyi kandi rufite abaturage miliyoni 2.15 (guhera ku ya 1 Mutarama 2007), harimo miliyoni 11.49 mu mujyi no mu nkengero. Umujyi ubwawo wicaye hagati mu kibaya cya Paris kandi ufite ikirere cyoroheje cyo mu nyanja, nta bushyuhe bukabije mu cyi n'ubukonje bukabije mu gihe cy'itumba.

Paris numujyi munini winganda nubucuruzi mubufaransa. Inkengero z’amajyaruguru ahanini ni ahantu hakorerwa inganda. Imishinga yateye imbere cyane harimo imodoka, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, imiti, imiti, nibiribwa. Umusaruro wibicuruzwa byiza biza kumwanya wa kabiri, kandi byibanda cyane mumujyi rwagati; ibicuruzwa birimo ibikoresho byibyuma byagaciro, ibicuruzwa byimpu, farufari, imyenda, nibindi. Agace ko hanze yumujyi kabuhariwe mu gukora ibikoresho, inkweto, ibikoresho byuzuye, ibikoresho bya optique, nibindi. Gutunganya amafilime mu gace gakomeye ka Paris (Metropolitan) bingana na bitatu bya kane bya firime zose zakozwe mubufaransa.

Paris ni ihuriro ryumuco nuburezi byigifaransa, kandi numujyi wumuco wisi. Ishuri rikuru ry’Ubufaransa ry’Ubufaransa, Kaminuza ya Paris, n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubushakashatsi mu bumenyi byose biherereye i Paris. Kaminuza ya Paris ni imwe muri kaminuza za kera cyane ku isi, yashinzwe mu 1253. Hano i Paris hari ibigo byinshi byubushakashatsi, amasomero, inzu ndangamurage, inzu yimikino, nibindi. Hano i Paris hari amasomero 75, kandi isomero ryayo ryigishinwa nini nini. Inzu ndangamurage yashinzwe mu 1364-1380 kandi ifite icyegeranyo cy'ibitabo miliyoni 10.

Paris ni umujyi uzwi cyane ku mateka uzwi cyane ku isi ufite ahantu henshi hashimishije, nk'umunara wa Eiffel, Arc de Triomphe, Ingoro ya Elysee, Ingoro ya Versailles, Louvre, Place de la Concorde, Katedrali ya Notre Dame, na George Pompidou Umuco n'Ubuhanzi Ikigo, nibindi, ni ahantu ba mukerarugendo bo mu gihugu ndetse n’abanyamahanga batinda. Ku mpande zombi z'umugezi mwiza wa Seine, parike hamwe n’ahantu h'icyatsi kibisi, kandi ibiraro 32 bizenguruka uruzi, bigatuma ibibera kuri uruzi birushaho kuba byiza kandi bifite amabara. Ikirwa cy'umujyi rwagati mu ruzi ni uruzitiro n'amavuko ya Paris.

Marseille: Marseille numujyi wa kabiri munini w’Ubufaransa n’icyambu kinini, utuwe n’umujyi miliyoni 1.23. Umujyi uzengurutswe n'imisozi y'amabuye ku mpande eshatu, ufite ibyiza nyaburanga hamwe n'ikirere cyiza. Marseille yegereye inyanja ya Mediterane mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba, ifite amazi maremare hamwe n’ibyambu bigari, nta rapide na rapide, kandi amato ya toni 10,000 ashobora kunyura nta nkomyi. Umugezi wa Rhône n’ibibaya binini byo mu burengerazuba bifitanye isano n’Uburayi bw’Amajyaruguru. Imiterere y’imiterere irihariye kandi ni irembo rinini ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga mu Bufaransa. Marseille ni ikigo gikomeye cy’inganda mu Bufaransa, aho usanga 40% by’inganda zitunganya peteroli mu Bufaransa.Hariho inganda 4 nini zitunganya peteroli mu gace ka Foss-Talbor, zishobora gutunganya toni miliyoni 45 za peteroli buri mwaka. Inganda zo gusana ubwato muri Marseille nazo zateye imbere cyane.Ubunini bwo gusana ubwato bugera kuri 70% yinganda mu gihugu, kandi irashobora gusana ubwato bunini ku isi-tanker 800.000.

Marseille niwo mujyi wa kera cyane mu Bufaransa. Yubatswe mu kinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Yesu, maze uhurira mu karere k'Abaroma mu kinyejana cya mbere mbere ya Yesu. Mu 1832, icyambu cyinjiye ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma ya London na Liverpool mu Bwongereza, kiba icyambu cya gatatu kinini ku isi muri kiriya gihe. Mu gihe cy'Impinduramatwara y'Abafaransa mu 1792, Maasai yinjiye i Paris aririmba "Intambara ya Rhine", kandi kuririmba kwabo gushishikarije abantu guharanira ubwisanzure. Iyi ndirimbo yaje guhinduka indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu cy’Ubufaransa yitwa "Marseille". Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, amato y'intambara y'Abafaransa yateraniye ku cyambu yanze kwiyegurira Ubudage bw'Abanazi maze bose barohama. Marseille yongeye gutangaza isi.

Bordeaux: Bordeaux ni umurwa mukuru w'akarere ka Aquitaine n'intara ya Gironde mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubufaransa, kandi ni ahantu hateganijwe ku nkombe za Atlantike y'Uburayi. Icyambu cya Bordeaux nicyo cyambu cya hafi cy’Ubufaransa gihuza Afurika y’iburengerazuba n’umugabane wa Amerika hamwe n’umuhanda wa gari ya moshi mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bw’Uburayi. Agace ka Aquitaine gafite imiterere karemano karemano kandi kagira uruhare mu kuzamura ibihingwa.Umusaruro w’ubuhinzi uza ku mwanya wa gatatu mu gihugu, umusaruro w’ibigori uza ku mwanya wa mbere mu bihugu by’Uburayi, naho umusaruro wa foie gras no gutunganya biza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi.

Ubwoko bwa divayi ya Bordeaux n'umusaruro biri mubyiza ku isi, kandi amateka yoherezwa mu mahanga afite ibinyejana byinshi. Muri ako karere hari inganda 13,957 zihinga inzabibu kandi zitanga divayi, zinjiza amafaranga angana na miliyari 13.5, muri yo yohereza mu mahanga angana na miliyari 4.1. Agace ka Aquitaine ni kamwe mu masoko akomeye y’inganda zo mu kirere mu Burayi, aho abakozi 20.000 bakora mu buryo butaziguye umusaruro w’inganda zo mu kirere, abakozi 8000 bakora imirimo yo gutunganya no kubyaza umusaruro, inganda 18 nini, 30 n’inganda n’icyitegererezo. Aka karere gafite umwanya wa gatatu mu kohereza ibicuruzwa by’indege z’Abafaransa. Byongeye kandi, inganda za elegitoroniki, imiti, imyenda n’imyenda muri Aquitaine nazo zateye imbere cyane; hari ububiko bwinshi bwibiti hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutunganya tekinike.