IFrance ibizwa ngeRiphabhulikhi YaseFrance. IFrance isentshonalanga yeYurophu, inqamula eBelgium, eLuxembourg, eSwitzerland, eJalimane, e-Italy, eSpain, e-Andorra naseMonaco, ibheke e-United Kingdom inqamula iLa Manche Strait ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, futhi inqamula iNorth Sea, i-English Channel, i-Atlantic Ocean kanye noLwandle iMedithera. ICorsica iyisiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke eFrance. Indawo iphakeme eningizimu-mpumalanga futhi iphansi ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, namathafa abala izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo ephelele. Izintaba eziyinhloko ziyi-Alps nePyrenees. IMont Blanc emngceleni weFrance ne-Italy ingamamitha angu-4810 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, okuyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke eYurophu. Imifula emikhulu yiLoire (1010 km), iRhone (812 km), neSeine (776 km). Ingxenye esentshonalanga yeFrance inesimo sezulu esinezihlahla ezinamanzi ashubile asolwandle, eningizimu inesimo sezulu saseMedithera esishisayo, futhi izingxenye ezimaphakathi nezisempumalanga zinesimo sezulu sezwekazi.

IFrance inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-551,600, futhi izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda, izifundazwe, kanye nomasipala. Isifundazwe sinezifunda nezifunda ezikhethekile, kodwa hhayi izifunda zokuphatha. Isifunda wuphiko lokwahlulela nokhetho. IFrance inezifunda ezingama-22, izifundazwe ezingama-96, izifundazwe ezi-4 zaphesheya kwezilwandle, izindawo ezi-4 zaphesheya kwezilwandle, kanye nesifunda esisodwa sokuphatha sendawo esinezikhundla ezikhethekile. Bangu-36 679 omasipala ezweni.

Izifunda ezingama-22 zaseFrance yilezi: Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Bourgogne, Brittany, Central Region, Champagne-Ardenne, Corsica, Fran Shi-Conte, Isifunda saseParis, Lancédoc-Roussion, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrénées, Nord-Calais, Lower Normandy, Upper Normandy, Loire, Picardy, I-Boitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes.

AmaGauls azinza lapha e-BC. Ekhulwini lokuqala le-BC, umbusi waseGallic waseRoma, uKesari, wathatha yonke indawo yaseGallic, futhi wabuswa yiRoma iminyaka engama-500. Ngekhulu lesi-5 AD, amaFrank anqoba iGaul futhi asungula umbuso wamaFrank. Ngemuva kwekhulu le-10, umphakathi wamakhosi wakhula ngokushesha. Ngo-1337, inkosi yaseBrithani yahahela isihlalo sobukhosi saseFrance futhi kwaqubuka "iMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu". Ezinsukwini zokuqala, izindawo ezinkulu eFrance zahlaselwa amaNgisi kwase kuthunjwa iNkosi yaseFrance.Kamuva, abantu baseFrance balwa impi yokulwa nolaka futhi baqeda iMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu ngo-1453. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, kwakhiwa izwe elihlangene.

Maphakathi nekhulu le-17, umbuso waseFrance wafinyelela esicongweni sawo. Ngokuthuthuka kwamandla wonxiwankulu, kwaqubuka uguquko lwaseFrance ngo-1789, lwaqeda ubukhosi, futhi lwasungula iRiphabhulikhi Yokuqala ngoSepthemba 22, 1792. NgoNovemba 9, 1799 (Fog Moon 18), uNapoleon Bonaparte wabamba amandla futhi wazimemezela njengombusi ngo-1804, esungula uMbuso Wokuqala. Inguquko yaqala ngoFebhuwari 1848 kwathi kwasungulwa iRiphabhulikhi Yesibili. Ngo-1851, uMongameli uLouis Bonaparte waqala umbhikisho futhi wasungula uMbuso Wesibili ngoDisemba ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa empini yaseFranco-Prussian ngo-1870, iRiphabhlikhi Yesithathu yasungulwa ngoSepthemba 1871 kwaze kwaba yilapho uhulumeni waseFrance Petain ezinikela eJalimane ngoJuni 1940, lapho iRiphabhulikhi Yesithathu yawa khona. IFrance yahlaselwa yiJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala neyesibili. Uhulumeni wesikhashana wamenyezelwa ngoJuni 1944, kwathi uMthethosisekelo waphasiswa ngo-1946, kwasungulwa iRiphabhulikhi Yesine. NgoSepthemba 1958, kwaphasiswa umthethosisekelo omusha kwasungulwa neFifth Republic.Charles de Gaulle, Pompidou, Destin, Mitterrand, Chirac, noSarkozy basebenza njengoMongameli.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Ifulegi laseFrance lingunxande, ngesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Ingaphezulu lefulegi lakhiwe ngonxande abathathu abaqondile futhi abalinganayo abaqondile, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okumhlophe nokubomvu ukusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla. Kunemithombo eminingi yefulegi laseFrance, elimelele kakhulu yileli: ngesikhathi sokuvukelwa konxiwankulu baseFrance ngo-1789, iParis National Guard yasebenzisa ifulegi eliluhlaza, elimhlophe nelibomvu njengefulegi leqembu lalo. Okumhlophe phakathi nendawo kumelela inkosi futhi kufanekisela isimo esingcwele senkosi; okubomvu nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhona ezinhlangothini zombili, ezimele izakhamizi zaseParis; ngasikhathi sinye, le mibala emithathu ifanekisela umndeni wasebukhosini waseFrance kanye nomfelandawonye wonxiwankulu baseParis. Kubuye kuthiwe ifulegi le-tricolor laliwuphawu lweNguquko yaseFrance, eyayimele inkululeko, ukulingana nobuzalwane.

Inani lesizwe laseFrance lingama-63,392,100 (kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2007), kufaka phakathi abantu abayizigidi ezi-4 abangabokufika, lapho abayizigidi ezi-2 abavela emazweni e-EU, kanti abantu bokufika bafinyelela kwizigidi ezingama-4.9, kubalwa u-8.1% wabantu sebonke ezweni . I-General French. Izakhamizi ezingama-62% zikholelwa kubuKhatholika, ama-6% akholelwa kumaSulumane, kanye nenani elincane lamaProthestani, ubuJuda, ubuBuddha, namaKrestu obu-Orthodox, kanti u-26% uthi awunazo izinkolelo zenkolo.

IFrance inomnotho othuthukile.Ngonyaka we-2006, umkhiqizo wayo omkhulukazi ezweni lonke wawungu-US $ 2,153.746 billion, usezingeni lesithupha emhlabeni, ngenani lomuntu ngamunye lingu-US $ 35,377. Imikhakha emikhulu yezimboni ifaka phakathi ezokumbiwa phansi, insimbi, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi, ukwakhiwa kwezimoto nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi. Imikhakha emisha yezimboni efana namandla enuzi, uphethiloli, ukuthuthukiswa kwezasolwandle, ezokundiza nokundiza endaweni yasemoyeni ithuthuke ngokushesha kule minyaka edlule, futhi isabelo sayo senani lemikhiqizo yezimboni siye saqhubeka sanda. Kodwa-ke, umkhakha wezimboni wendabuko usaphethe imboni, ngensimbi, izimoto nokwakhiwa njengezinsika ezintathu. Isabelo somkhakha wemfundo ephakeme emnothweni waseFrance sikhula unyaka nonyaka. Phakathi kwabo, umthamo webhizinisi wezokuxhumana ngocingo, ulwazi, ezokuvakasha kanye nemikhakha yezokuthutha lenyuke kakhulu, kanti abasebenzi bezimboni zezinsizakalo babalelwa ku-70% wabasebenzi bonke.

Ibhizinisi laseFrance lithuthukiswa ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi umkhiqizo odala imali kakhulu ukuthengiswa kokudla. IFrance ingumkhiqizi wezolimo omkhulu kunabo bonke e-European Union futhi iyithumela kakhulu emazweni angaphandle imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye ne-sideline. Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kubanga ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zokukhiqizwa kokudla okuphelele eYurophu, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwezolimo okuthe xaxa kungokwesibili kuphela kwe-United States emhlabeni. IFrance yizwe lezivakashi elidume umhlaba wonke, lithola isilinganiso sabavakashi bakwamanye amazwe abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70 unyaka nonyaka, lidlula inani laso labantu. Inhlokodolobha, iParis, izindawo ezinhle ezigudle ulwandle iMedithera ne-Atlantic, kanye ne-Alps konke kuyizindawo zokuheha izivakashi. Eminye iminyuziyamu eyaziwayo eFrance inamagugu abalulekile amasiko omhlaba. IFrance nayo iyizwe elikhulu lokuhweba emhlabeni.Ngaphakathi kwayo, iwayini laziwa umhlaba wonke, kanti ukuthunyelwa kwewayini kuthumela ingxenye yengxenye yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfashini yaseFrance, ukudla kwaseFrance, namakha aseFrance konke kuyaziwa emhlabeni.

IFrance izwe elithandwayo ngokwesiko. Ngemuva kwe-Renaissance, kwavela inani elikhulu lababhali, abaqambi, abadwebi abanjengoMolière, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hugo, njll. Inomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni.

Amaqiniso amnandi

Abantu baseFrance bathanda ushizi, ngakho-ke izinganekwane ezahlukahlukene eziphathelene noshizi nazo ziyezwakala ngomlomo, futhi zigcinwe iminyaka eminingi.

INormandy, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeFrance, iyikhaya lomhlaba ovundile kunawo wonke eFrance, ikhaya lemfuyo, utshani obuluhlaza nezithelo, ngisho nasebusika, kusenamehlo aluhlaza nezinkomo nezimvu ezingenakubalwa. Okhiqizwa lapha ngokungangabazeki umkhiqizo omelwe ushizi waseFrance, futhi idumela lawo emkhakheni wokudla alikho ngaphansi kwezikhwama zesikhumba zaseLouis Vuitton nemfashini yeChanel.

Ushizi weCamembert unomlando omude kule ndawo, sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, futhi ihlale igcina ubuciko bendabuko. Ngokwenganekwane, owesifazane ongumlimi wathola iresiphi kaBrie ushizi ngemuva nje kokuqubuka kweNguquko YaseFrance ngo-1791 futhi wathola umpristi owayephunyukile epulazini lakhe. Lo wesifazane ongumlimi wahlanganisa isimo sezulu sendawo yasendaweni yaseNormandy ngesisekelo seresiphi, futhi ekugcineni wakhiqiza ushizi weCAMEMBERT, owaba ushizi odume kakhulu eFrance. Wadlulisela imfihlo yeresiphi endodakazini yakhe. Kamuva, umuntu ogama lakhe linguRidel wakhuthaza ukufakwa koshizi weCamembert emabhokisini okhuni ukuze kube lula ukuwuthwala, ngakho wathunyelwa emhlabeni wonke.

EParis: IParis, inhlokodolobha yaseFrance, idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke ezwenikazi laseYurophu futhi ingenye yamadolobha achuma kakhulu emhlabeni. IParis isenyakatho neFrance Umfula iSeine unqamula edolobheni futhi unabantu abayizigidi eziyi-2.15 (kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2007), kufaka izigidi eziyi-11.49 edolobheni namaphethelo. Idolobha ngokwalo lihlala maphakathi neParis Basin futhi linesimo sezulu sasolwandle esipholile, ngaphandle kokushisa okukhulu ehlobo namakhaza amakhulu ebusika.

IParis yidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke lezimboni nelezentengiso eFrance. Amadlelo asenyakatho ikakhulukazi izindawo zokukhiqiza. Amaphrojekthi wokukhiqiza athuthukiswe kakhulu afaka phakathi izimoto, izinto zikagesi, amakhemikhali, imithi nokudla. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla zokunethezeka kubanga okwesibili, futhi kugxilwe kakhulu ezindaweni ezisenkabeni yedolobha; imikhiqizo ifaka izinto zensimbi eziyigugu, imikhiqizo yesikhumba, ubumba, okokugqoka, njll. Indawo engaphandle kwedolobha igxile ekukhiqizeni ifenisha, izicathulo, amathuluzi okunemba, izinsimbi zomshini, njll. Ukukhiqizwa kwamafilimu endaweni yaseGreater Paris (Metropolitan) kubanga izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zokukhiqizwa kwamafilimu eFrance.

IParis iyisikhungo samasiko nemfundo yaseFrance, kanye nedolobha elidumile lamasiko emhlabeni. Isikhungo esidumile saseFrance iFrance, iYunivesithi yaseParis, neNational Scientific Research Center konke kutholakala eParis. IYunivesithi yaseParis ingelinye lamanyuvesi amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, eyasungulwa e1253. Kukhona nezikhungo eziningi zocwaningo lwezifundo, imitapo yolwazi, iminyuziyamu, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, njll eParis. Kunemitapo yolwazi engama-75 eParis, kanti umtapo wayo waseChina mkhulu kunayo yonke. Imnyuziyamu yasungulwa ngo-1364-1380 futhi ineqoqo lezincwadi eziyizigidi eziyi-10.

IParis yidolobha lomlando elidume umhlaba wonke linezindawo eziningi ezithakazelisayo, njenge-Eiffel Tower, i-Arc de Triomphe, i-Elysee Palace, i-Palace yaseVersailles, i-Louvre, i-Place de la Concorde, i-Notre Dame Cathedral, ne-George Pompidou National Culture and Art Isikhungo, njll., Yindawo lapho izivakashi zasekhaya nezangaphandle zihlala khona. Ezinhlangothini zombili zoMfula iSeine omuhle, amapaki nezindawo eziluhlaza kunamachashazi, namabhuloho angama-32 anqamula kulo mfula, enza ubuhle balo emfuleni buhehe futhi buqhakaze. Isiqhingi sedolobha elisenkabeni yomfula yindawo lapho kuzalwa khona naseParis.

IMarseille: IMarseille idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu eFrance netheku elikhulu kunawo wonke, elinabantu basemadolobheni abayizigidi eziyi-1.23. Idolobha lizungezwe amagquma amatshe ezinhlangothi ezintathu, anendawo enhle nesimo sezulu esimnandi. IMarseille iseduze noLwandle iMedithera eningizimu-mpumalanga, enamanzi ajulile namachweba abanzi, ayinayo i-rapids kanye ne-rapids, nemikhumbi engamathani ayi-10 000 ingadlula ingaphazanyiswa.UMfula iRhône nezigodi eziyizicaba entshonalanga zixhumene neNyakatho Yurophu.Isikhundla sendawo sihlukile futhi siyisango elikhulu kunawo wonke lokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe eFrance. IMarseille iyisikhungo sezimboni esibalulekile eFrance, lapho kugxilwe khona u-40% wemboni eyenza uwoyela eFrance.Kunezindawo zokuhluza uwoyela ezinkulu ezine endaweni yaseFoss-Talbor, engacubungula amathani ayizigidi ezingama-45 kawoyela unyaka ngamunye. Imboni yokulungisa imikhumbi eMarseille nayo ithuthukisiwe.Ivolumu yayo yokulungisa imikhumbi yenza u-70% wale mboni ezweni.Ingalungisa umkhumbi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni-ithangi lamathani angama-800,000.

IMarseille cishe yidolobha elidala kunawo wonke eFrance.Yakhiwa ngekhulu lesi-6 BC futhi yahlanganiswa nensimu yamaRoma ngekhulu lokuqala BC.Ngemuva kokuwa kwayo, yacishe yanyamalala, yaphinde yavuka ngekhulu le-10. Ngo-1832, ukuthunyelwa kwetheku kwaba okwesibili kuphela eLondon naseLiverpool eNgilandi, kwaba itheku lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi. Ngesikhathi seFrance Revolution ngo-1792, amaMaasai angena eParis ecula i- "Battle of the Rhine", futhi ukucula kwabo ngogqozi kwagqugquzela abantu ukuthi balwele inkululeko. Le ngoma kamuva yaba iculo lesizwe laseFrance futhi yabizwa nge- "Marseille". Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, imikhumbi yempi yaseFrance eyahlangana ethekwini yenqaba ukuzinikela kwiJalimane lamaNazi futhi yazicwila yonke iMarseille yathusa umhlaba futhi.

IBordeaux: IBordeaux iyinhloko-dolobha yesifunda i-Aquitaine kanye nesifundazwe saseGironde eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFrance.Yindawo ehlelekile ogwini lwase-Atlantic eYurophu. Itheku laseBordeaux itheku eliseduze kakhulu laseFrance elixhumanisa iNtshonalanga Afrika nezwekazi laseMelika kanye nehabhu lesitimela eSouthwest Europe. Isifunda i-Aquitaine sinezimo zemvelo eziphakeme futhi ezihambisana nokukhula kwezitshalo.Ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo kukleliswe endaweni yesithathu ezweni, ukukhiqizwa kommbila kukleliswe kuqala e-EU, futhi ukukhiqizwa nokucutshungulwa kwe-foie gras kuqala emhlabeni.

Izinhlobo zewayini nokukhiqizwa kweBordeaux kuphakathi kokuhamba phambili emhlabeni, kanti umlando wokuthekelisa unamakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Kunamabhizinisi akhiqiza amagilebhisi akhiqiza amagilebhisi futhi akhiqiza iwayini endaweni yasendaweni enenzuzo yama-franc ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13.5, okuthe ukuthunyelwa kwawo emazweni angaphandle kube ngama-franc angama-4.1 billion. I-Aquitaine ingenye yezisekelo ezinkulu zezimboni ze-Aerospace eYurophu, ezinabasebenzi abangama-20,000 ababambe iqhaza ngqo ekukhiqizeni imboni ye-aerospace, abasebenzi abangu-8,000 ababandakanyeka ekucubunguleni nasekukhiqizeni, amabhizinisi amakhulu ayi-18, ukukhiqizwa kwama-30 nezitshalo zokushayela. Lesi sifunda sithathe indawo yesithathu ekuthekelweni kwemikhiqizo yezindiza yaseFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimboni ze-elekthronikhi, amakhemikhali, izindwangu nezingubo e-Aquitaine nazo zithuthuke kakhulu; kunezinqolobane eziningi zokhuni namandla okucubungula ngobuchwepheshe aqinile.