France inonzi French Republic. France iri kumadokero kweEurope, pamuganhu neBelgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Andorra, uye Monaco, yakatarisana neUnited Kingdom kuyambuka La Manche Strait kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, uye kumuganhu weNorth Sea, English Channel, Atlantic Ocean uye Gungwa reMediterranean. Corsica ndicho chitsuwa chikuru muFrance. Nzvimbo yacho yakakwira kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye yakadzika kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, nemapani achiverengera zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zenzvimbo yese. Makomo makuru makomo maAlps nemaPyrenees. Mont Blanc pamuganhu weFrance neItari iri 4810 metres pamusoro pegungwa, iyo yepamusoro soro muEurope. Nzizi huru ndiLoire (1010 km), iyo Rhone (812 km), uye Seine (776 km). Chikamu chekumadokero cheFrance chine maritime akadzikama akasvibira emamiriro ekunze emusango, kumaodzanyemba kune mamiriro ekunze eMediterranean, uye nzvimbo dziri nechepakati nekumabvazuva dzine mamiriro ekunze ekondinendi.

France ine nharaunda yemakiromita mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu nemazana matanhatu, uye nyika yakakamurwa kuita matunhu, matunhu, nemaguta. Dunhu iri rine matunhu akakosha uye matunhu, asi kwete madunhu ekutonga. Iyo dunhu ndiyo yekutonga uye yesarudzo unit. France ine matunhu makumi maviri nemaviri, mapurovhinzi makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu, matunhu mana emhiri kwemakungwa, matunhu mana ekune dzimwe nyika, uye 1 nharaunda yemunharaunda ine hutongi hwakakosha. Kune matunhu makumi matanhatu nemazana matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe munyika.

Matunhu makumi maviri nemaviri eFrance ndeaya: Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Bourgogne, Brittany, Central Region, Champagne-Ardenne, Corsica, Fran Shi-Conte, Dunhu reParis, Lancédoc-Roussion, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrénées, Nord-Calais, Lower Normandy, Upper Normandy, Loire, Picardy, Boitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes.

VaGauls vakagara pano muBC. Muzana ramakore rekutanga BC, gavhuna weGallic weRoma, Kesari, akatora nharaunda yese yeGallic, akatongwa neRoma kwemakore mazana mashanu. Muzana ramakore rechishanu AD, maFrank akakunda Gaul ndokusimbisa humambo hwechiFrank. Mushure mezana ramakore rechigumi, nzanga dzemagariro dzakakurumidza kukura. Muna 1337, mambo weBritain akachiva chigaro cheFrance uye "Hondo Yemazana Amakore" yakatanga. Mumazuva ekutanga, maturakiti makuru eFrance akapinda nechisimba nemaBritish uye Mambo weFrance akatorwa .. Gare gare, vanhu veFrance vakaita hondo yekurwisa hukasha uye vakapedza Hondo Yemazana Emakore muna 1453. Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi15 kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16, nyika yepakati yakaumbwa.

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi17, humambo hweFrance hwasvika pakakwirira. Nekuvandudzwa kwesimba remabourgeoisie, Chimurenga cheFrance chakatanga muna 1789, ndokubvisa umambo, ndokutanga First Republic muna Gunyana 22, 1792. Musi waNovember 9, 1799 (Fog Moon 18), Napoleon Bonaparte akatora simba ndokuzvizivisa iye mambo muna 1804, achisimbisa Humambo hwekutanga. Shanduko iyi yakatanga muna Kukadzi 1848 uye Second Republic yakavambwa. Muna 1851, Mutungamiri Louis Bonaparte vakatanga coup ndokusimbisa hweChipiri Humambo muna Zvita gore rinotevera. Mushure mekukundwa muhondo yeFranco-Prussian muna 1870, Third Republic yakavambwa munaGunyana 1871 kudzamara hurumende yeFrance Petain yakazvipira kuGerman munaJune 1940, panguva iyo iyo Third Republic yakawa. France yakapambwa neGerman panguva yeHondo yeNyika Yekutanga neyeChipiri. Hurumende yepakati yakaziviswa munaJune 1944, uye Bumbiro rakapasiswa muna 1946, richisimbisa Rina Republic. MunaGunyana 1958, bumbiro idzva rakapasiswa uye Fifth Republic yakavambwa.Charles de Gaulle, Pompidou, Destin, Mitterrand, Chirac, naSarkozy vakashanda semutungamiri.

Mureza wenyika: Mureza weFrance wakaita mativi uine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hwe3: 2. Iyo mureza pamusoro inoumbwa nematatu akaenzana uye akaenzana akatwasuka rectangles, ayo ari ebhuruu, chena, uye akatsvuka kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. Kune manyuko mazhinji emureza weFrance, anomiririra kwazvo ndeaya: panguva yechimurenga cheFrance bourgeois muna 1789, veParis National Guard vakashandisa bhuruu, chena, uye tsvuku mureza semureza wechikwata chayo. Muchena pakati anomiririra mambo uye anomiririra chinzvimbo chitsvene chamambo; tsvuku nebhuruu zviri kumativi ese, zvinomiririra vagari veParis; panguva imwecheteyo, aya mavara matatu anomiririra mhuri yehumambo yeFrance uye mubatanidzwa weParis bourgeoisie. Izvo zvinonzi zvakare iyo tricolor mureza waive mucherechedzo weFrance Revolution, inomiririra rusununguko, kuenzana, uye hukama.

Vagari venyika yeFrance vane 63,392,100 (kubva munaNdira 1, 2007), kusanganisira mamirioni mana ekune dzimwe nyika, ayo mamirioni maviri anobva kunyika dzeEU, uye vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanosvika mamirioni e4,9, vachiverengera 8.1% yehuwandu hwevanhu venyika. . General French. 62% yevagari vanotenda muchiKatorike, 6% vanotenda kumaMuslim, uye vashoma vevaPurotesitendi, vechiJudha, vechiBuddha, neveOrthodox, uye 26% vanozviti havana zvitendero.

France ine hupfumi hwakasimukira.Muna 2006, mari yaro yepasi rose yaive US $ 2,153.746 bhiriyoni, iri pachinhanho chechitanhatu pasi rose, iine huwandu hwemari inosvika US $ 35,377. Iwo makuru maindasitiri zvikamu zvinosanganisira kuchera, simbi, simbi, kugadzira mota, uye kuvaka chikepe. Zvikamu zvitsva zvemaindasitiri senge simba renyukireya, petrochemicals, kusimudzira mugungwa, avhiyesheni uye muchadenga zvakawedzera nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura, uye mugove wavo wehuwandu hwemaindasitiri hunoramba huchiwedzera. Nekudaro, iyo yechinyakare indasitiri indasitiri ichiri kutonga iyo indasitiri, nesimbi, mota, uye kuvaka sembiru nhatu. Chikamu cheiyo indasitiri yepamusoro muhupfumi hweFrance chiri kuwedzera gore rimwe nerimwe. Pakati pavo, huwandu hwebhizinesi rezvekufambiswa kwemashoko, ruzivo, mabasa ezvekushanya uye zvekufambisa zvakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye vashandi veindasitiri yebasa vakaverengera nezve 70% yevashandi vese.

Bhizinesi reFrance rakagadzirwa zvishoma, uye chigadzirwa chinonyanya kuwana mari kutengesa chikafu. France ndiyo inogadzira kurima mukurusa muEU uye mutengesi mukuru wezvirimwa nemichero yepasirese pasirese. Kugadzirwa kwechikafu kunotora chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chechigadzirwa chese chikafu muEurope, uye zvekutengesa kunze kwenyika zviri zvechipiri kune United States pasi rose. France ndiyo nyika inozivikanwa yevashanyi, ichigamuchira avhareji yevanopfuura mamirioni makumi manomwe evashanyi vekunze gore rega, kupfuura huwandu hwayo. Guta guru, Paris, nzvimbo dzinoyevedza pamwe chete nemhenderekedzo yeMediterranean neAtlantic, uye Alps zvese zvinokwezva vashanyi. Mamwe mamuseum anozivikanwa muFrance ane nhaka yakakosha yetsika dzepasirese. France iri zvakare nyika huru yekutengesa pasi rose.Pakati payo, waini inozivikanwa pasi rese, uye waini inotengesa kunze kwenyika chikamu chehafu yekutengeswa kwenyika.Ukuwedzera, fashoni yeFrance, chikafu cheFrance, uye mafuta anonhuwirira eFrance zvese zvinozivikanwa pasi rose.

France inyika ine tsika nemagariro. Mushure meRenaissance, nhamba huru yevanyori vane mukurumbira, vanyori, vapendi, vakaita saMolière, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hugo, nezvimwe. Ine simba guru pasirese.

Kunakidzwa chokwadi

Vanhu veFrance vanofarira chizi, saka ngano dzakasiyana nezve chizi dzinonzwikawo nemuromo, uye dzakachengetedzwa kwemakore mazhinji.

Normandy, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweFrance, inyika inzvimbo yakaorera muFrance, uko kune zvipfuwo kune ivhu rakaorera zvakanyanya. Huswa hwakasvibirira hwakasvibira uye michero yakawanda. Kunyangwe chando chikauya, kuchine maziso akasvibira nemombe nemakwai zvisingaverengeke. Izvo zvinogadzirwa pano hapana mubvunzo mumiririri wechigadzirwa cheFrance chizi, uye mukurumbira wayo mundima yezvokudya hausi pasi peiyo yemafashoni eLouis Vuitton masaga ematehwe uye Chanel fashoni.

Camembert chizi ine nhoroondo refu munzvimbo ino, yave neanopfuura mazana maviri emakore, uye yakagara ichichengetedza hunyanzvi hwetsika. Sekureva kwengano, mukadzi murombo akagashira kamukira kaBrie chizi nguva pfupi yadarika pakatanga French Revolution muna 1791 uye akagashira mupristi akapunyuka papurazi rake. Uyu murombo mukadzi akabatanidza mamiriro ekunze uye terroir yeNormandy pahwaro hweresipi, uye pakupedzisira akaburitsa CAMEMBERT chizi, iyo yakazove yakakurumbira chizi muFrance. Akaendesa chakavanzika cheresipi kumwanasikana wake. Gare gare, munhu anonzi Ridel akatsigira kupakata chizi cheCamembert mumabhokisi emapuranga kuti atakure nyore, saka yakatengeswa pasi rese.

Paris: Paris, guta guru reFrance, ndiro guta guru pane kondinendi yeEurope uye rimwe remaguta akabudirira kwazvo pasirese. Paris iri kuchamhembe kweFrance Rwizi rweSeine rwunodarika nemuguta uye rine huwandu hwevanhu vanosvika mamirioni 2.15 (kubva munaNdira 1, 2007), kusanganisira mamirioni gumi nemazana mana emadhorobha nemumaguta eParis. Guta pacharo rinogara pakati peParis Basin uye rine mamiriro ekunze egungwa, pasina kupisa kwakanyanya muzhizha uye kutonhora kwakanyanya munguva yechando.

Paris ndiro rakakura kwazvo maindasitiri uye ezvokutengeserana guta muFrance. Masabhabha ekuchamhembe anonyanya kugadzira nzvimbo. Mapurojekiti akagadzirwa zvakanyanya anosanganisira mota, midziyo yemagetsi, makemikari, mishonga, uye chikafu. Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zveumbozha kuri pechipiri, uye kunonyanya kuiswa munzvimbo dzedhorobha; zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira midziyo yesimbi yakakosha, zvigadzirwa zveganda, porcelain, zvipfeko, nezvimwe. Iyo yekunze nzvimbo yeguta yakasarudzika mukugadzirwa kwemidziyo, shangu, chaiyo maturusi, zvigadzirwa zvemaziso, nezvimwe. Kugadzirwa kwemafirimu munzvimbo yeGreater Paris (Metropolitan) inoverengera makota matatu ehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemafirimu muFrance.

Paris ndiyo muzinda wetsika nedzidzo dzeFrance, pamwe neguta rine mukurumbira munyika. Iyo inozivikanwa French Academy yeFrance, iyo University yeParis, uye iyo National Scientific Research Center zvese zviri muParis. Yunivhesiti yeParis imwe yemayunivhesiti akare pasi rese, yakavambwa mu1253. Kune zvakare akawanda masosi ekutsvagisa ezvidzidzo, maraibhurari, mamuseum, dzimba dzemitambo, nezvimwewo muParis. Kune maraibhurari makumi manomwe neshanu muParis, uye raibhurari yayo yekuChina ndiyo hombe. Iyo miziyamu yakavambwa muna 1364-1380 uye ine muunganidzwa wemamiriyoni gumi emabhuku.

Paris iguta rinozivikanwa pasi rese rine nzvimbo zhinji dzinonakidza, seEiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe, Elysee Palace, Imba yeVersailles, iyo Louvre, iyo Place de la Concorde, Notre Dame Cathedral, uye George Pompidou National Tsika neArt. Pakati, nezvimwewo, inzvimbo inogara vashanyi vekunze nekune dzimwe nyika. Pamativi ese eRwizi rwakanaka rweSeine, mapaki nenzvimbo dzakasvibirira zvine madhivhodhi, uye mabhiriji makumi matatu nemaviri anotenderera rwizi, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo iri murwizi iwedzere kunakidza uye kuve neruvara. Chitsuwa cheguta chiri pakati perwizi ndipo pahunogona uye nzvimbo yekuzvarwa yeParis.

Marseille: Marseille ndiro guta rechipiri pakukura muFrance uye chiteshi chengarava chikuru, ine huwandu hwemamiriyoni e1.23. Guta rakakomberedzwa nezvikomo zve limestone pamativi matatu, nenzvimbo dzinoyevedza nemamiriro ekunze anofadza. Marseille iri padyo neGungwa reMediterranean kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, iine mvura yakadzika uye zviteshi zvengarava, isina rapids uye rapids, uye ngarava dzematani zviuru gumi dzinogona kupfuura dzisingamiswe.Rwizi rweRhône nemipata yakatetepa kumadokero yakabatana neNorth Europe.Nzvimbo yacho yakasarudzika uye ndiyo gedhi hombe rekushambadzira kwekunze kweFrance. Marseille inzvimbo yakakosha yekumaindasitiri muFrance, uko 40% yeindasitiri inogadzira oiri muFrance.Iko kune mana makuru ekuchenesa oiri munzvimbo yeFoss-Talbor, inogona kugadzirisa matani emamirioni makumi mashanu emafuta gore rega rega. Iyo yekugadzirisa ngarava indasitiri muMarseille yakagadziridzwawo.Yayo ngarava yekugadzirisa vhoriyamu inosvika 70% yeiyi indasitiri iri munyika, uye inogona kugadzirisa ngarava hombe yepasirese-an 800,000-ton tanker.

Marseille rinenge riri guta rekaresa muFrance.Rakavakwa muzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC uye rakabatanidzwa munzvimbo yeRoma muzana ramakore rekutanga BC.Mushure mekudonha kwaro, rakapotsa ranyangarika, uye rakamuka zvakare muzana ramakore regumi. Muna 1832, chiteshi chengarava chaive chechipiri chete kuLondon neLiverpool kuEngland, ichiva chiteshi chechitatu pakukura munyika panguva iyoyo. Munguva yeChimurenga cheFrance muna 1792, vaMaasai vakapinda muParis vachiimba "Hondo yeRhine", uye kuimba kwavo kwaive nechido kwakakurudzira vanhu kurwira rusununguko. Rwiyo urwu rwakazove rwiyo rweFrance rwenyika uye rwuchinzi "Marseille". Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, zvikepe zvehondo zveFrance zvakaungana pachiteshi zvakaramba kuzvipira kuNazi Germany uye zvese zvakanyura.Marseille akavhundutsa nyika zvakare.

Bordeaux: Bordeaux ndiro guta guru redunhu reAkitaine nedunhu reGironde kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweFrance.Iyo nzvimbo ine hunyanzvi pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic yeEurope. Chiteshi cheBordeaux chiteshi chepedyo cheFrance chinobatanidza West Africa neAmerican kondinendi uye nechitima njanji muSouthwest Europe. Dunhu reAkitaine rine mamiriro epamusoro uye rinoenderana nekukura kwezvirimwa. Kugadzirwa kwezvekurima kuri pechitatu munyika, kugadzirwa kwechibage kunova kutanga muEU, uye kugadzira foie gras nekugadzirisa zvikamu kutanga pasi.

Mhando dzewaini dzeBordeaux uye kugadzirwa zviri pakati pezvakanakisa pasirese, uye nhoroondo yekutengesa kunze ine mazana emakore. Kune mabhizinesi gumi nematanhatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu ekurima mazambiringa uye anogadzira waini mudunhu iri nekutengeswa kwemabhiriyoni gumi nemazana mashanu emabhranc, ayo anotengesa kunze anove mabhiriyoni e4.1 mafranc. Aquitaine ndeimwe yenzvimbo huru yekugadzira nzvimbo muindasitiri muEurope, iine vashandi zviuru makumi maviri vanobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kweaerospace indasitiri, vashandi vanosvika zviuru zvisere vari mukugadzirisa nekugadzira, mabhizimusi makuru gumi neshanu, 30 kugadzirwa uye zvirimwa zvekutyaira. Iyi nharaunda inotora nzvimbo yechitatu mukutengesa zvigadzirwa zveFrance zvekubhururuka. Uye zvakare, iwo emagetsi, makemikari, machira uye mbatya maindasitiri muAkitaine akagadzirwawo zvakanyanya; kune akawanda matura matura uye akasimba ekugadzira ekugona kugona.