Mayina athunthu aku Australia ndi Commonwealth of Australia.Ili pakati pa South Pacific ndi Indian Ocean.Ili ndi dziko la Australia ndi Tasmania ndi zilumba zina ndi madera akunja. Imayang'anizana ndi Nyanja ya Coral ndi Nyanja ya Tasman kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean, ndipo imayang'anizana ndi Indian Ocean ndi nyanja zake zoyandikira kumadzulo, kumpoto ndi kumwera. Nyanjayi ndi pafupifupi makilomita 36,700. Malo okwana makilomita 7.692 miliyoni, ndi ambiri mwa Oceania.Ngakhale ali ozunguliridwa ndi madzi, zipululu komanso zipululu zomwe zili 35% ya dzikolo. Dzikoli lagawidwa zigawo zitatu: mapiri akum'mawa, zigwa zapakati ndi dera lakumadzulo. Phiri lalitali kwambiri, Kosciusko Mountain, lili pamtunda wa mamita 2,230 pamwamba pa nyanja, ndipo mtsinje wautali kwambiri, Melbourne, ndi wautali makilomita 3490. Nyanja ya Ayr pakati ndiyo malo otsika kwambiri ku Australia, ndipo nyanjayi ili pamtunda wa mamita 12 pansi pa nyanja. Ku gombe lakum'mawa kuli miyala yamchere yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse ─ ─ Great Barrier Reef. Kumpoto kumakhala kotentha ndipo ambiri amakhala otentha. Australia ili ndi nyengo yabwino kuposa Europe kapena America, makamaka kumpoto, ndipo nyengo ikufanana ndi Southeast Asia ndi Pacific. Ku Queensland, Northern Territory ndi Western Australia, kutentha kwapakati mu Januware (pakati) ndi 29 digiri Celsius masana ndi 20 madigiri Celsius usiku; pomwe kutentha kwapakati pa Julayi (pakatikati) kumakhala pafupifupi 22 degrees Celsius. Madigiri ndi madigiri khumi Celsius.

Australia imagawidwa m'magawo 6 ndi zigawo ziwiri. Boma lililonse lili ndi nyumba yamalamulo, boma, kazembe wa boma komanso nduna yayikulu. Mayiko 6 ndi: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, ndi Tasmania; zigawo ziwirizi ndi: dera lakumpoto ndi likulu la dzikolo.

Oyambirira okhala ku Australia anali mbadwa. Mu 1770, woyendetsa sitima waku Britain a James Cook adafika kugombe lakum'mawa kwa Australia ndipo adalengeza kuti aku Britain alanda malowo. Pa Januware 26, 1788, oyamba ochokera ku Britain adafika ku Australia ndikuyamba kukhazikitsa koloni ku Australia.Tsikuli pambuyo pake lidasankhidwa kukhala Tsiku la National Australia. Mu Julayi 1900, Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Britain idapereka "Australian Federal Constitution" ndi "Malamulo a Britain Dominion". Pa Januware 1, 1901, zigawo zamakoloni ku Australia zidasinthidwa kukhala maboma ndipo Commonwealth ya Australia idakhazikitsidwa. Mu 1931, Australia idakhala dziko lodziyimira palokha mu Commonwealth. Mu 1986, Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Britain idapereka "Act on Relations ndi Australia", ndipo Australia idapatsidwa mphamvu zokhazikitsa malamulo komanso mphamvu zomaliza zakuweruza.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi rectangle yopingasa yolumikizana ndi kutalika kwake mpaka m'lifupi mwa 2: 1. Mbendera ili ndi buluu wakuda, ndi "米" yofiira ndi yoyera kumtunda kumanzere, ndi nyenyezi yayikulu yoyera yazisanu ndi ziwiri pansi pa "米". Kudzanja lamanja la mbendera kuli nyenyezi zisanu zoyera, imodzi mwa iyo ndi nyenyezi yosongoka zisanu ndipo inayo ili ndi milozo isanu ndi iwiri. Australia ndi membala wa Commonwealth, ndipo Mfumukazi yaku England ndiye mutu waboma ku Australia. Kona lakumanzere lakumanzere kwa mbendera yadziko ndi mtundu wa mbendera yaku Britain, zomwe zikuwonetsa ubale wachikhalidwe pakati pa Australia ndi Britain. Nyenyezi yayikulu kwambiri isanu ndi chiwiri ikuyimira zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zigawo za feduro (Northern Territory ndi Capital Territory) zomwe zimapanga Commonwealth of Australia. Nyenyezi zisanu zazing'onozi zikuyimira Southern Cross (imodzi mwamagulu ang'onoang'ono akumwera, ngakhale kuti gulu laling'ono ndi laling'ono, koma pali nyenyezi zowala zambiri), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "Kontinenti Yakumwera", zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti dzikolo lili kumwera chakumwera.

Australia pakadali pano ili ndi anthu 20,518,600 (Marichi 2006), ndipo ndi dziko lokhala ndi dera lalikulu komanso malo ochepa. 70% ya anthu ndi ochokera ku Britain ndi ku Ireland; 18% ya anthu ochokera ku Europe, 6% aku Asia; Anthu achilengedwe amakhala 2.3%, pafupifupi anthu 460,000. Chingerezi Chachikulu. Anthu 70% amakhulupirira Chikhristu (28% amakhulupirira Chikatolika, 21% amakhulupirira Chipembedzo cha Anglican, 21% amakhulupirira Chikhristu ndi zipembedzo zina), 5% amakhulupirira Chibuda, Chisilamu, Chihindu ndi Chiyuda. Anthu osapembedza amawerengera 26%.

Australia ndi dziko la alendo, ndipo akatswiri azachikhalidwe amafotokozedwa kuti ndi "mbale yayikulu". Kuyambira tsiku lomwe anthu ochokera ku Britain adayendera malo okongola awa, ochokera kumayiko 120 ndi mafuko 140 abwera ku Australia kudzapeza ndalama ndikukhala bwino. Chikhalidwe chamitundu yambiri chomwe chimapangidwa ndi mafuko ambiri ndichikhalidwe chosiyana pakati pa anthu aku Australia.

Australia ili ndi chuma chotukuka.Mu 2006, chuma chake chadziko lonse chidafika pa 645.306 biliyoni ku US dollars, kukhala pa 14th padziko lonse lapansi, pamtengo wokwana madola 31,851 aku US. Australia ili ndi chuma chambiri ndipo ndiyofunika kutulutsa komanso kugulitsa michere padziko lapansi.Pali mitundu yoposa 70 ya michere yotsimikizika, yomwe pakati pake pali nkhokwe za lead, faifi tambala, siliva, tantalum, uranium ndi zinc yoyamba padziko lapansi. Australia ndiyotukuka kwambiri paulimi ndi ziweto, wodziwika kuti "dziko lomwe lili kumbuyo kwa nkhosa", ndipo ndiomwe amatumiza kunja kwa ubweya ndi ng'ombe padziko lonse lapansi. Australia ilinso ndi malo ambiri opha nsomba ndipo ndi malo achitatu asodzi padziko lonse lapansi.Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi zimaphatikizapo nkhanu, nkhanu, abalone, tuna, scallops, oyster, ndi zina zambiri. Ntchito zokopa alendo ndi imodzi mwamakampani omwe akukula kwambiri ku Australia. Mizinda yotchuka yokopa alendo komanso zokopa kuli konsekonse ku Australia. Hobart's Virgin Forest National Park, Melbourne Art Museum, Sydney Opera House, Wonders of the Great Barrier Reef, Kakadu National Park, malo obadwira anthu achiaborigine, dera la chikhalidwe cha Aaborijini Lake Wilange ndi madera ena apadera a East Coast okhala ndi nkhalango zachilengedwe, etc., chaka chilichonse Zonsezi zimakopa alendo ambiri ochokera kumayiko ena komanso akunja.

Zaka mamiliyoni khumi zapitazo, kontrakitala ya Australia idasiyanitsidwa ndi maiko ena ndipo idakhala yodzipatula kunyanja zakumwera kwa dziko lapansi. Kwa nthawi yayitali, zachilengedwe zakhala zosavuta, komanso kusintha kwa nyama kumakhala kochedwa, ndipo mitundu yambiri yakale idasungidwabe. Mwachitsanzo, kangaroo wamkulu wokhala ndi thumba m'mimba kuti asunge ana; emu, yomwe imafanana ndi nthiwatiwa, ili ndi zala zitatu komanso mapiko osalimba, ndipo sitha kuwuluka; ndipo oviparous mammal platypus, ndi zina zambiri, ndizinyama zosowa zokha ku Australia.

Chosangalatsa-Aboriginal (omwe amadziwikanso kuti Aaborigine) omwe amakhala ku Australia amatetezabe miyambo yawo. Amakhala posaka, ndipo "boomerang" ndiye chida chawo chosaka chosakira. Ambiri mwa iwo amakhalabe m'kanyumba kopangidwa ndi nthambi zamitengo ndi matope, atazunguliridwa ndi nsalu kapena okutidwa ndi khungu la kangaroo, ndipo amakonda kukhala ndi ma tattoo kapena kujambula mitundu yosiyanasiyana pamatupi awo. Kawirikawiri pentani mitundu yachikaso ndi yoyera m'masaya, m'mapewa ndi pachifuwa, ndikupaka thupi lonse pamwambo wamadyerero kapena kuyimba ndi kuvina. Ma tatoo amakhala mizere yolimba, ena amakhala ngati mvula, ndipo ena amakhala ngati mavuvu Kwa anthu achikhalidwe omwe adachita mwambowu, ma tattoo sizodzikongoletsa zokha, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akope chikondi cha amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Pa mpira wa zikondwerero, anthu amavala zokongoletsa pamutu, kujambula matupi awo ndikuvina limodzi mozungulira moto. Kuvina ndikosavuta ndikuwonetsa moyo wosakira.

Sydney: Sydney (Sydney) ndiye likulu la New South Wales, Australia, komanso mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Australia. Ili ndi dera lalikulu makilomita 2,400 ndipo lili pamapiri otsika ozungulira Jackson Bay. Wotchedwa Secretary of the Interior waku Britain panthawiyo, Viscount Sydney. Zaka zopitilira 200 zapitazo, malowa anali bwinja.Patatha zaka mazana awiri akukulirakulira ndikuwongolera, wakhala mzinda wotukuka kwambiri komanso wamayiko ena ku Australia, wodziwika kuti "New York ku Southern Hemisphere".

Nyumba yotchuka kwambiri ku Sydney ndi Sydney Opera House. Nyumbayi yopangidwa ndi matanga imayima kumtunda kwa Benelang padoko. Akuyang'anizana ndi madzi mbali zitatu, akuyang'ana mlatho ndikutsamira kumunda wamaluwa, ngati zombo zapamadzi, ndi zipolopolo zazikulu zoyera zomwe zatsalira pagombe. Chiyambireni kumaliza mu 1973, amakhala wokonda kuwerenga komanso wosangalatsa. Chuoyue ndiwodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi ndipo wakhala chizindikiro cha Sydney ndi Australia yonse. Sydney Tower yomwe ili pakatikati pa mzindawu ndi chizindikiro china cha Sydney ndipo mawonekedwe agolide a nsanjayo ndi ochititsa chidwi. Chinsanjacho ndichokwera mita 304.8 ndipo ndiye nyumba yayitali kwambiri kumwera kwa dziko lapansi. Yendani pa nsanja yozungulira ndikuyang'ana pozungulira kuti muwone bwino Sydney.

Sydney ndi malo azikhalidwe mdziko muno, kuphatikiza woyamba Sydney University (yomangidwa mu 1852) ndi Australian Museum (yomangidwa mu 1836). Doko lakum'mawa kwa mzindawu ndilopanda malire ndipo ndimalo osambiramo achilengedwe komanso malo opumira mafunde. Lili labwino kwambiri pojambula mabwato ndi zosewerera panyanja. Sydney ndiye likulu lazachuma mdziko muno ku Australia, komwe kuli mafakitale otukuka komanso malonda. Njanji, msewu waukulu komanso maulendo apaulendo olumikizana ndi ndege amalumikizidwa ndikulowera kumtunda, ndipo pali njira zapanyanja komanso zam'mlengalenga zolumikizana ndi mayiko padziko lapansi, womwe ndi njira yofunika kwambiri ku Australia.

Melbourne: Melbourne (Melbourne) ndi mzinda wachiwiri waukulu ku Australia. Ndilo likulu la Victoria, lotchedwa "Garden State", komanso ndi tawuni yayikulu kwambiri ku Australia. Melbourne ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha malo obiriwira, mafashoni, chakudya, zosangalatsa, chikhalidwe ndi masewera. Mtengo wobiriwira wa Melbourne ndiwokwera 40%. Nyumba za a Victoria, ma tramu, malo ochitira zisudzo osiyanasiyana, tambirimbiri, malo owonetsera zakale, minda yokhala ndi mitengo komanso misewu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri ya Melbourne.

Melbourne ndi mzinda wodzaza ndi mphamvu komanso chisangalalo. Ngakhale ulibe kukongola kwa Sydney, mzinda waukulu kwambiri, suli ngati bata la mizinda ina ing'onoing'ono yaku Australia; ili ndi chilichonse kuyambira kusiyanasiyana kwachikhalidwe komanso zaluso mpaka kukongola kwa chilengedwe Ponena za zosangalatsa zokhutiritsa, Melbourne amatha kunenedwa kuti ndiwopamwamba kwambiri ku Australia.Ili ndi mawonekedwe ake mu zaluso, chikhalidwe, zosangalatsa, chakudya, kugula ndi bizinesi.Melbourne yaphatikiza bwino umunthu ndi chilengedwe, ndipo yakhala Bungwe la Washington Population Action Organisation (Population Action International) ku Washington lidasankha ngati "mzinda wodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi".

Canberra: Canberra (Canberra) ndiye likulu la Australia, lomwe lili kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Australia Capital Territory, m'chigwa cha piedmont cha Australia Alps, magombe a Mtsinje wa Molangelo. Malo okhalamo adamangidwa koyambirira kwa 1824, otchedwa Camberley, ndipo mu 1836 adasinthidwa Canberra. District Federal itakhazikitsidwa mu 1899, idayikidwa pansi pa Capital Territory. Ntchito yomanga idayamba mu 1913, ndipo likulu lidasunthidwa mwalamulo mu 1927. Federal Assembly idasunthidwanso kuno kuchokera ku Melbourne, komwe kuli anthu pafupifupi 310,000 (June 2000).

Canberra idapangidwa ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga waku America Burley Griffin. Dera lamatawuni ligawika magawo awiri ndi nyanjayi yotchedwa Griffin, ndi Metropolis Mountain kumpoto ndi Capital Mountain kumwera, yomwe pang'onopang'ono imazungulira malowa. Nyumba yatsopano yamalamulo itamalizidwa mu Meyi 1988 ngati likulu, mabungwe akuluakulu aboma ndi akazembe ndi akazembe amayiko osiyanasiyana akhazikitsidwa mbali yakumwera, yomwe ndi likulu la ndale komanso zokambirana. Kumpoto, nyumba, malo ogulitsira, ndi malo ochitira zisudzo adalumikizidwa mwadongosolo, modekha komanso mokongola, kuwonetsa kuti awa ndi malo okhala.

Nyanja ya Griffin yomwe idamangidwa mchaka cha 1963 ili ndi mozungulira makilomita 35 ndi dera la mahekitala 704. Common Wells Bridge ndi Kings Bridge kudutsa Nyanja ya Griffin zitha kulumikiza kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa mzindawu. kulumikiza iwo. Pakati pa nyanjayi, pali "Kasupe Wokumbukira Kaputeni Cook" womangidwa kuti azikumbukira zaka 200 zakubwerako kwa Captain Cook. Mzere wamadziwo umakhala wokwana mita 137 mukamapopera madzi. Pali nsanja yayitali pachilumba cha Aspen munyanjayi. Unakambidwa ndi United Kingdom pokumbukira zaka 50 zakubadwa kwa mwala wa maziko wa Canberra. Pakati pawo, wotchi yayikulu imalemera matani 6 ndipo yaying'ono imangolemera makilogalamu 7 okha. Mzindawu ndi kwawo ku Australia National University, St. John the Baptist's Church, Australia National War Memorial, Canberra technical College ndi Higher Education College.