Igama eligcwele lase-Australia yiCommonwealth yase-Australia. Itholakala phakathi kweSouth Pacific kanye ne-Indian Ocean. Yakhiwe nezwekazi i-Australia neTasmania nezinye iziqhingi nezindawo ezingaphesheya kwezilwandle. Ibheke oLwandle iCoral nolwandle iTasman empumalanga ye-Pacific Ocean, futhi ibheke i-Indian Ocean nezilwandle zayo eziseceleni entshonalanga, enyakatho naseningizimu.Ugu lolwandle cishe lungamakhilomitha angama-36,700. Imboza indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-7.692, ilinganisa iningi le-Oceania.Nakuba izungezwe ngamanzi, izingwadule kanye nogwadule olunamaphesenti angama-35% wezwe. Izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda ezintathu: izintaba ezisempumalanga, amathafa aphakathi nendawo nethafa elisentshonalanga. Isiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ezweni, iNtaba iKosciusko, singamamitha angu-2,230 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kanti umfula omude kunayo yonke, iMelbourne, ungamakhilomitha angama-3490 ubude. IChibi i-Ayr maphakathi liyindawo ephansi kunazo zonke e-Australia, kanti leli chibi lingamamitha ayi-12 ngaphansi kogu lolwandle. Ogwini olusempumalanga kunedwala elikhulu lamakhorali world ─ iGreat Barrier Reef. Inyakatho isendaweni eshisayo futhi iningi layo lipholile. I-Australia inesimo sezulu esinciphile kuneYurophu noma iMelika, ikakhulukazi enyakatho, kanti isimo sezulu siyafana neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kanye nePacific. EQueensland, eNyakatho Territory naseNtshonalanga Australia, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJanuwari (midsummer) lingu-29 degrees Celsius emini nama-20 degrees Celsius ebusuku; kanti izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJulayi (phakathi nobusika) cishe lingama-22 degrees Celsius. Ama-degree nezinga elingu-degrees Celsius.

I-Australia ihlukaniswe izifunda ezi-6 nezifunda ezimbili. Isifunda ngasinye sinePhalamende laso, uhulumeni, umbusi wezwe kanye nondunankulu wesifundazwe. Izifundazwe eziyisithupha yilezi: INingizimu South Wales, iVictoria, iQueensland, iSouth Australia, iWestern Australia, neTasmania; lezi zifunda ezimbili yilezi: isifunda esisenyakatho kanye nomasipala omkhulu.

Izakhamizi zokuqala zase-Australia kwakungabantu bomdabu. Ngo-1770, itilosi laseBrithani uJames Cook lafika ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia futhi lamemezela ukuthi abaseBrithani babengena ezweni. NgoJanuwari 26, 1788, abokufika bokuqala baseBrithani bafika e-Australia futhi baqala ukusungula ikoloni e-Australia. Lolu suku kamuva lwabizwa ngokuthi yi-National Day yase-Australia. NgoJulayi 1900, iPhalamende laseBrithani laphasisa i- "Australian Federal Constitution" kanye ne- "Regulations of the British Dominion". NgoJanuwari 1, 1901, izifunda zamakoloni e-Australia zaguqulwa zaba izifunda futhi kwasungulwa i-Commonwealth yase-Australia. Ngo-1931, i-Australia yaba yizwe elizimele ngaphakathi kweCommonwealth. Ngo-1986, iPhalamende LaseBrithani laphasisa i- "Act on Relations with Australia", kwathi i-Australia yanikezwa amandla agcwele okushaya umthetho namandla okugcina okwahlulela.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Ngunxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi buka-2: 1. Umhlabathi wefulegi uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka omnyama, obomvu nomhlophe "米" ngakwesokunxele esingenhla, nenkanyezi enkulu emhlophe ekhombe eziyisikhombisa engezansi kwe- "米". Ngakwesokudla kwefulegi kunezinkanyezi ezinhlanu ezimhlophe, enye yazo inkanyezi encane enamakhona ayisihlanu bese kuthi ezinye eziyisikhombisa. I-Australia iyilungu le-Commonwealth, kanti iNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi iyinhloko yezwe lase-Australia. Ikhona elingaphezulu kwesobunxele lefulegi likazwelonke yiphethini yefulegi laseBrithani, ekhombisa ubudlelwane bendabuko phakathi kwe-Australia neBrithani. Inkanyezi enkulu kunazo zonke ekhomba eziyisikhombisa ifanekisela izifunda eziyisithupha nezifunda zombuso (iNorthern Territory neCapital Territory) ezakha iCommonwealth yase-Australia. Izinkanyezi ezinhlanu ezincane zimele iSouthern Cross (enye yezinkanyezi ezincane zaseningizimu, yize iqoqo lezinkanyezi lincane, kodwa kunezinkanyezi eziningi ezikhanyayo), okusho ukuthi "Izwekazi laseNingizimu", okukhombisa ukuthi izwe liseningizimu nenkabazwe.

I-Australia njengamanje inabantu abangama-20,518,600 (Mashi 2006), futhi izwe elinendawo enkulu nendawo enabantu abambalwa. Abantu abangama-70% bangabokudabuka eBrithani nase-Ireland; i-18% yabantu abadabuka eYurophu, ama-6% ama-Asiya; abantu bomdabu babalwa ngama-2.3%, cishe abantu abayi-460,000. IsiNgisi Esijwayelekile. Izakhamizi ezingama-70% zikholelwa ebuKristwini (ezingama-28% zikholelwa kubuKhatholika, ezingama-21% zikholelwa enkolweni yaseSheshi, ezingama-21% zikholelwa ebuKristwini nakwezinye izinkolo), u-5% ukholelwa kubuBuddha, ubuSulumane, ubuHindu nobuJuda. Abantu abangakholwa bangama-26%.

I-Australia yizwe elijwayelekile labokufika, futhi izazi zesayensi yezenhlalo zichaza ngokuthi "isitsha sikazwelonke". Kusukela ngosuku lapho abokufika baseBrithani befika khona kulo mhlaba omuhle, kube khona abokufika abavela emazweni angama-120 nezizwe eziyi-140 emhlabeni baya e-Australia ukuze bathole imali futhi bathuthuke. I-multiculturalism eyakhiwe amaqembu ezinhlanga eziningi iyinto ehlukile emphakathini wase-Australia.

I-Australia inomnotho othuthukile. Ngo-2006, umkhiqizo wayo omkhulukazi ezweni lonke wafinyelela kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-645.306 amadola aseMelika, usezingeni le-14 emhlabeni, ngenani ngalinye lamadola ase-U.S. I-Australia icebile ngezinsizakusebenza zamaminerali futhi ingumkhiqizi obalulekile futhi othumela ngaphandle imithombo yezimbiwa emhlabeni.Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-70 zezinsizakusebenza ezifakazelwe, okukhona phakathi kwazo izinqolobane zomthofu, i-nickel, isiliva, i-tantalum, i-uranium ne-zinc kuqala emhlabeni. I-Australia ithuthuke kahle kwezolimo nokufuya, okwaziwa ngokuthi "yizwe elingemuva kwezimvu", futhi ingumthengisi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni woboya nenkomo. I-Australia nayo icebile ngezinsiza zokudoba futhi iyindawo yesithathu ngobukhulu yokudoba emhlabeni.Imikhiqizo emikhulu yasemanzini ifaka ama-prawn, ama-lobster, ama-abalone, i-tuna, ama-scallops, ama-oysters, njll Ezokuvakasha zingenye yezimboni ezikhula ngesivinini esikhulu e-Australia. Amadolobha izivakashi adumile nezindawo ezikhangayo zikuyo yonke i-Australia. IHobart’s Virgin Forest National Park, iMelbourne Art Museum, iSydney Opera House, iWondices of the Great Barrier Reef, iKakadu National Park, indawo yokuzalwa yabantu bomdabu, indawo yamasiko aboMdabu iLake Wilange kanye namapaki amahlathi asezingeni eliphansi nasendaweni eshisayo yase-East Coast, njll., Minyaka yonke Zombili ziheha inqwaba yezivakashi zasekhaya nezangaphandle.

Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyishumi eyedlule, izwekazi lase-Australia lahlukaniswa namanye amazwekazi futhi lalikhona lodwa lodwa olwandle lwaseningizimu. Isikhathi eside, izimo zemvelo bezilula ngokwedlulele, futhi ukuvela kwezilwane bekuhamba kancane, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zasendulo zisalondoloziwe. Isibonelo, i-kangaroo enkulu enesikhwama esiswini sokugcina amawundlu; i-emu, efana nentshe, inezinzwane ezintathu namaphiko awohlokayo futhi ayikwazi ukundiza; ne-oviparous mammal platypus, yizilwane ezingavamile ezihlukile e-Australia kuphela.

Abantu be-Anecdote-Aboriginal (abaziwa nangokuthi abantu base-Aboriginal) abahlala e-Australia basavikela amasiko abo. Baphila ngokuzingela, futhi i- "boomerang" isikhali sabo esiyingqayizivele sokuzingela. Iningi labo lisahlala emjondolo owenziwe ngamagatsha nodaka, uzungezwe ucezu lwendwangu noma lumbozwe ngesikhumba se-kangaroo, futhi bathanda ukuzidweba noma ukudweba imibala eyahlukahlukene emizimbeni yabo. Imvamisa kuphela ukupenda imibala ephuzi nokumhlophe ezihlathini, emahlombe nasesifubeni, bese upenda umzimba wonke phakathi nemikhosi yomkhosi noma ukucula komkhosi nokudansa. AmaTattoo ikakhulukazi ayimigqa ejiyile, eminye ifana namaconsi emvula, kanti eminye ifana namarobhothi.Kubantu bomdabu abadlulise isiko lokudlula, ama-tattoo akuyona nje imihlobiso, kepha futhi asetshenziselwa ukuheha uthando lwabobulili obuhlukile. Ebholeni lomkhosi, abantu bagqoka imihlobiso emibalabala emakhanda abo, bapende imizimba yabo bese bedansa ngokuhlanganyela bezungeze umlilo wekamu. Umdanso ulula futhi ukhombisa impilo yokuzingela.

ISydney: ISydney (iSydney) iyinhloko-dolobha yaseNew South Wales, e-Australia, futhi idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Australia. Ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-2 400 futhi itholakala emagqumeni aphansi azungeze iJackson Bay. Ebizwa ngegama likaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi waseBrithani ngaleso sikhathi, uViscount Sydney. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-200 eyedlule, le ndawo yayiyigwadule. Ngemuva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili yentuthuko enzima nokuphathwa kwayo, sekuyidolobha lesimanjemanje nelichuma kakhulu e-Australia, elaziwa njenge "New York eSouthern Hemisphere".

Isakhiwo esidume kakhulu saseSydney akuyona enye ngaphandle kweSydney Opera House. Lesi sakhiwo esimise okomkhumbi simi enhlokodolobha yaseBenelang ethekwini. Ubhekene namanzi ezinhlangothini ezintathu, ubheke ebhulohweni futhi uncike engadini yezitshalo, njengomkhumbi wemikhumbi ehamba ngemikhumbi, kanye namagobolondo amakhulu amhlophe asele olwandle.Lokhu kwaqedwa ngo-1973, ubelokhu eyinoveli futhi enomusa. IChuoyue yaziwa umhlaba wonke futhi isiphenduke uphawu lweSydney ne-Australia iyonke. ISydney Tower enkabeni yedolobha ingesinye isibonakaliso seSydney.Ukuvela kwalo mbhoshongo ngegolide kuyakhazimula. Umbhoshongo uphakeme ngamamitha angu-304.8 futhi uyisakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke eningizimu yezwe. Khuphukela embhoshongweni oyindilinga bese uqalaza ukuze ubone iSydney.

ISydney iyisikhungo esibalulekile samasiko ezweni, kufaka phakathi iSydney University yokuqala (eyakhiwa ngo-1852) kanye ne-Australian Museum (eyakhiwa ngo-1836). Itheku elisempumalanga yedolobha alilingani futhi liyindawo yemvelo yokugeza nendawo yokubhukuda olwandle.Iyinhle ngokudweba izikebhe namaseyili anemibala olwandle. ISydney iyisikhungo sezomnotho esikhulu kunazo zonke e-Australia, esinezimboni ezithuthukile nezentengiselwano. Ujantshi wesitimela, onguthelawayeka nenethiwekhi yezindiza ixhunywe ezindaweni ezinkulu eziphakathi nezwe, futhi kunemizila ejwayelekile yasolwandle neyomoya exhuma namazwe emhlabeni, okuyisango elibalulekile lase-Australia.

IMelbourne: IMelbourne (iMelbourne) idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu e-Australia. Liyinhloko-dolobha yaseVictoria, eyaziwa njenge "Garden State", futhi futhi iyidolobha elikhulu lezimboni e-Australia. IMelbourne idume ngohlobo lwayo oluhlaza, imfashini, ukudla, ukuzijabulisa, amasiko nemisebenzi yezemidlalo. Izinga eliluhlaza lokumbozwa kweMelbourne liphakeme ngama-40%. Izakhiwo zama-Victorian, ama-trams, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ezahlukahlukene, imipheme, iminyuziyamu, izingadi ezigcwele izihlahla nemigwaqo yakha isitayela esihle seMelbourne.

IMelbourne yidolobha eligcwele ubungqabavu nenjabulo. Yize ingenabo ubukhazikhazi beSydney, idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke, ayifani nokuthula kwamanye amadolobha amancane ase-Australia; inakho konke kusuka kokwehluka kwesiko nobuciko kuye ebuhleni bemvelo Mayelana nokuzijabulisa okwanelisa imizwa, iMelbourne kungathiwa iphakeme kakhulu e-Australia.Inezici zayo kwezobuciko, amasiko, ezokuzijabulisa, ukudla, ukuyothenga kanye nebhizinisi.UMelbourne uhlanganise ngempumelelo ubuntu nemvelo, futhi Inhlangano yaseWashington i-Population Action International (Population Action International) ivotele "idolobha eliphila kakhulu emhlabeni".

ICanberra: ICanberra (Canberra) iyinhloko-dolobha yase-Australia, etholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Australian Capital Territory, ethafeni lase-piedmont lase-Australia Alps, ngaphesheya komfula uMolangelo. Indawo yokuhlala yakhiwa ekuqaleni kuka-1824, ibizwa ngeCamberley, kwathi ngo-1836 yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iCanberra. Ngemuva kokuthi i-Federal District isungulwe e-1899, yabekwa ngaphansi kwe-Capital Territory. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1913, kanti inhlokodolobha yasuswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1927. IFederal Assembly yasuswa lapha ngokusemthethweni isuka eMelbourne, enabantu ababalelwa ku-310,000 (ngoJuni 2000).

ICanberra yaklanywa ngumakhi waseMelika uBurley Griffin. Indawo yasemadolobheni ihlukaniswe kabili yichibi eliqanjwe ngeGriffin, neNtaba yeMetropolis ohlangothini olusenyakatho neCapital Mountain ngasohlangothini lwaseningizimu, oluqhubeka kancane kancane luzungeze lesi sikhungo. Njengoba isakhiwo esisha sephalamende saphothulwa ngoMeyi 1988 njengesikhungo, izinhlaka ezinkulu zikahulumeni namanxusa namanxusa amazwe ahlukahlukene amisiwe ohlangothini oluseningizimu, okuyisikhungo sezombusazwe nezokuxhumana. Ngasohlangothini olusenyakatho, izindlu, izitolo ezinkulu nezindawo zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zikleliswe ngendlela ehlelekile, ethule nenhle, kwenze kube sobala ukuthi le yindawo yokuhlala.

IChibi iGriffin elakhiwe ngokufakelwa ngo-1963 linomjikelezo wamakhilomitha angama-35 nendawo engamahektha angama-704. ICold Common Wells Bridge neKings Bridge enqamula eLake Griffin izoxhuma izingxenye ezisenyakatho naseningizimu yedolobha. zixhume. Maphakathi nechibi, kukhona "Umthombo Wokukhumbula UCaptain Cook" owakhelwe ukukhumbula iminyaka engama-200 kokwehla kukaCaptain Cook. Ikholamu lamanzi lifinyelela kumamitha ayi-137 lapho kufuthwa amanzi. Kukhona umbhoshongo wewashi e-Aspen Island echibini. Yethulwe yi-United Kingdom ukukhumbula iminyaka engama-50 kubekwa itshe likaCanberra. Phakathi kwazo, iwashi elikhulu linesisindo esingamathani ayi-6 kanti elincane linesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-7 kuphela. Leli dolobha likhaya le-Australian National University, iSonto i-St. John the Baptist, i-Australian National War Memorial, iCanberra Institute of Technology ne-Higher Education College.