Zita rizere reAustralia ndiCommonwealth yeAustralia.Iyo iri pakati peSouth Pacific neIndian Ocean.Inoumbwa nenyika yeAustralia neTasmania uye zvimwe zvitsuwa nematunhu ekunze. Inotarisana neGungwa reCoral neGungwa reTasman kumabvazuva kwePacific Ocean, uye yakatarisana neIndian Ocean nemakungwa ayo ari kumahombekombe kumadokero, kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba.Mhenderekedzo yegungwa ingangoita makiromita mazana matanhatu nemazana manomwe nemazana manomwe. Iichifukidza nzvimbo inosvika 7.692 mamirioni emakiromita, inoverengera mazhinji eOceania. Kunyangwe yakakomberedzwa nemvura, magwenga uye semi-magwenga ane 35% yenharaunda yenyika. Nyika yakakamurwa kuita matunhu matatu: makomo ekumabvazuva, mapani epakati uye bani rekumadokero. Iyo yepamusoro-soro yenyika, Kosciusko Mountain, iri 2,230 metres pamusoro pegungwa, uye rwizi rurefu, Melbourne, rakareba makiromita 3490. Gungwa Ayr iri pakati ndiyo nzvimbo yakadzikira muAustralia, uye nyanza iri 12 metres pazasi pegungwa. Kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kune hombe pasi rose coral reef Great ─ Great Barrier Reef. Kuchamhembe kunopisa uye kwakawanda kwacho kwakadzikama. Australia ine mamiriro ekunze akapfava kupfuura Europe kana America, kunyanya kuchamhembe, uye mamiriro ekunze akafanana neSoutheast Asia nePacific. MuQueensland, Northern Territory neWestern Australia, avhareji tembiricha muna Ndira (pakati pezhizha) iri 29 degrees Celsius masikati uye 20 degrees Celsius husiku; nepo tembiricha yepakati muna Chikunguru (pakati penguva yechando) ingangoita 22 degrees Celsius. Dhigirii uye gumi degrees Celsius.

Australia yakakamurwa kuita nyika nhanhatu nematunhu maviri. Nyika yega yega ine paramende yayo, hurumende, gavhuna wenyika uye gurukota rehurumende. Idzi nhanhatu dzinoti: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, uye Tasmania; matunhu maviri aya: enharaunda yekuchamhembe nemaguta makuru.

Vagari vekutanga veAustralia vaive vanhu vemo. Muna 1770, mufambisi wengarava weBritish, James Cook akasvika kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweAustralia ndokuzivisa kuti maBritish akatora nyika. Musi waNdira 26, 1788, vekutanga vekuBritain vakapinda muAustralia ndokutanga kumisa nyika muAustralia.Zuva iri rakazonzi Zuva reNyika reAustralia. Muna Chikunguru 1900, Paramende yeBritain yakapa "Australian Federal Constitution" uye "Mitemo yeBritish Dominion" Musi waNdira 1, 1901, matunhu echikoloni eAustralia akachinjwa kuita nyika uye Commonwealth yeAustralia yakavambwa. Muna 1931, Australia yakava nyika yakazvimiririra mukati meCommonwealth. Muna 1986, Paramende yeBritish yakapa mutemo we "Act on Relations neAustralia", uye Australia yakapihwa masimba azere ezvemitemo nemasimba ekupedzisira ekutonga.

Mureza wenyika: Iyo yakatenderera yakatenderera ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hwe2: 1. Iyo mureza pasi yakasviba bhuruu, ine tsvuku uye chena "米" kuruboshwe rwekumusoro, uye hombe chena-inonongedzera nyeredzi pazasi pe "米". Kurutivi rwerudyi rwemureza pane nyeredzi shanu chena, imwe yacho iri nyeredzi diki ine makona mashanu uye mamwe ese manomwe. Australia inhengo yeCommonwealth, uye Mambokadzi weEngland ndiye mutungamiriri wenyika. Kona yekumusoro kuruboshwe yemureza wenyika mureza weBritain, zvichiratidza hukama hwetsika pakati peAustralia neBritain. Nyeredzi hombe-yakanongedzwa minomwe inomiririra matunhu matanhatu uye matunhu emubatanidzwa (Northern Territory uye Capital Territory) anoumba Commonwealth yeAustralia. Nyeredzi shanu diki dzinomiririra Southern Cross (imwe yemapoka madiki ekumaodzanyemba, kunyangwe iro boka renyeredzi idiki, asi kune nyeredzi dzakawanda dzakajeka), zvinoreva kuti "Nyika yekumaodzanyemba", zvichiratidza kuti nyika iri kumaodzanyemba kwenyika.

Australia parizvino ine huwandu hwevanhu 20,518,600 (Kurume 2006), uye inyika ine nzvimbo hombe nenzvimbo ine vanhu vashoma. 70% yevagari ndeyezvizvarwa zveBritish neIrish; 18% yevanhu vanobva kuEurope, 6% veAsia; vanhu veko vanoverengera 2.3%, vanhu vangangoita 460,000. General Chirungu. 70% yevagari vanotenda muchiKristu (28% vanotenda muchiKaturike, 21% vanotenda muchitendero cheAnglican, 21% vanotenda muchiKirisitu nemamwe masangano), 5% vanotenda muchiBuddha, chiIslam, chiHindu nechiJudha. Vanhu vasiri vechitendero vanosvika 26%.

Australia inyika inowanzoitika kune vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, uye inotsanangurwa nevezvematongerwo enyika se "nyika ndiro". Kubva zuva rakapinda vatsigiri veBritish pasi rino rakanaka, vanobva kune dzimwe nyika zana nemakumi maviri nemarudzi 140 vakauya kuAustralia kuzowana raramo nekusimudzira. Multulturalism inoumbwa nemadzinza mazhinji chinhu chakasarudzika munharaunda yeAustralia.

Australia ine hupfumi hwakasimukira.Muna 2006, chigadzirwa chayo chepasi rose chakasvika pamabhiriyoni mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu nemakumi matatu emadhora ekuAmerica, chinzvimbo chegumi nepfumbamwe pasi rose, iine huwandu hwemari inosvika madhora makumi masere nemashanu ezviuru zvemadhora Australia yakapfuma muzvicherwa zviwanikwa uye yakakosha kugadzira uye kuburitsa kunze kwenyika zviwanikwa zvemaminerari.Pane zvinopfuura makumi manomwe zvemhando dzezvipupuriro zviwanikwa zvemaminera, pakati pazvo matura emutobvu, nickel, sirivheri, tantalum, uranium uye zinc chinzvimbo chekutanga pasirese. Australia inzvimbo dzakasimukira dzekurima nekuchengeta zvipfuyo, inozivikanwa se "nyika iri kuseri kwemakwai", uye ndiyo inotengesa kunze kwenyika mvere nemombe. Australia zvakare yakapfuma muzvivakwa zvehove uye ndiyo nzvimbo yechitatu pakukura kwehove pasi rese. Zvigadzirwa zvemumvura zvikuru zvinosanganisira prawns, hove, abalone, tuna, scallops, oysters, nezvimwe. Tourism ndiyo imwe yeanokurumidza kukura maindasitiri muAustralia. Akakurumbira maguta evashanyi uye zvinokwezva zviri kwese muAustralia. Hobart's Virgin Forest National Park, Melbourne Art Museum, Sydney Opera House, Wonders of the Great Barrier Reef, Kakadu National Park, nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwevanhu vechiAborigine, tsika yevaAborigine Lake Lake uye yakasarudzika yekuEast Coast mapaki ane hunyoro uye ari musango, etc., gore rega Ose ari maviri anokwezva huwandu hukuru hwevashanyi vekumba uye vekunze.

Makumi gumi emamiriyoni emakore apfuura, kondinendi yeAustralia yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune mamwe makondinendi uye yaivapo yakazviparadzanisa pamakungwa ekumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Kwenguva yakareba, zvisikwa mamiriro anga akareruka, uye shanduko yemhuka yanga ichinonoka, uye mhando zhinji dzekare dzichiri dzakachengetedzwa. Semuenzaniso, kangaroo hombe ine homwe mudumbu yekuchengeta vana; iyo emu, iyo yakafanana nemhou, ine zvigunwe zvitatu nemapapiro anodonha, uye haigone kubhururuka; uye oviparous mammal platypus, nezvimwewo, mhuka isingawanzo yakasarudzika kuAustralia.

Anecdote-vaAboriginal vanhu (vanozivikanwawo sevanhu veAborigine) vanogara muAustralia vachiri kuchengetedza tsika dzavo. Ivo vanorarama nekuvhima, uye "boomerang" ndiyo yavo yakasarudzika yekuvhima chombo. Vazhinji vavo vachiri kugara mutiraki rakagadzirwa nematavi nevhu, rakakomberedzwa nemucheka kana rakafukidzwa neganda re kangaroo, uye vanofarira kuve nematatoo kana kupenda mavara akasiyana siyana pamiviri yavo. Kazhinji chete penda yero uye chena mavara pamatama, mapendekete uye chipfuva, uye penda muviri wese panguva yemhemberero yemhemberero kana mutambo wekuimba nekutamba. Matattoo mitsara yakawanda gobvu, mimwe yakaita semadonhwe emvura, uye mimwe yakaita semabhuru. Kune vanhu vemuno vakapasa tsika yekuzvinyora, nyora hadzisi dzekushongedza chete, asi dzinoshandiswa kukwezva rudo rwevasikana. Pabhora remitambo, vanhu vanopfeka zvishongedzo zvine mavara mumisoro yavo, vanopenda miviri yavo uye vanotamba pamwe chete vakatenderedza moto wemusasa. Kutamba kuri nyore uye kunoratidza hupenyu hwekuvhima.

Sydney: Sydney (Sydney) ndiro guta guru reNew South Wales, Australia, uye ndiro guta hombe muAustralia.Inotakura nzvimbo inosvika zviuru mazana maviri nemazana mana emakiromita uye iri pazvikomo zvakadzika zvakapoterera Jackson Bay. Akatumidzwa mushure meBritish Secretary weInterior panguva iyoyo, Viscount Sydney. Makore anodarika mazana maviri apfuura, iri raive dongo.Mushure memazana maviri emakore ekushanda nesimba nekusimudzira, rave guta rakabudirira kwazvo mazuva ano nekune dzimwe nyika muAustralia, uye inozivikanwa se "New York muSouthern Hemisphere".

Chivako chakakurumbira cheSydney iSydney Opera House.Ichi chivakwa chakagadzirwa nechikepe chakamira panhongonya yeBenelang pachiteshi. Anotarisana nemvura pamativi matatu, akatarisana nezambuko uye akazendamira pabindu rebhotani, kunge ngarava dzezvikepe, uye hofori chena dzakasiiwa pamhenderekedzo yegungwa.Kubva pakupera kwayo muna 1973, anga achigara ari anoyevedza uye akanaka. Chuoyue inozivikanwa munyika uye yave chiratidzo cheSydney neAustralia yose. Sydney Shongwe iri pakati peguta ndechimwe chiratidzo cheSydney.Kunoratidzika kwegoridhe kweshongwe kunopenya. Iyo shongwe iri 304.8 metres kukwirira uye ndicho chivakwa chakareba kwazvo kumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Kwira kune iyo shongwe shongwe uye tarisa kutenderedza kuti uwane yakajeka Sydney.

Sydney inzvimbo yakakosha yetsika munyika, kusanganisira yekutanga Sydney University (yakavakwa muna 1852) uye Museum yeAustralia (yakavakwa muna 1836). Chiteshi chekumabvazuva cheguta hachina kuenzana uye inzvimbo yekugezesa yakasarudzika uye nzvimbo yekushambira. Iyo yakanaka nekukweva magwa uye maseiri ane mavara mugungwa. Sydney inzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yezvehupfumi muAustralia, iine maindasitiri akavandudzwa nekutengeserana. Iyo njanji, mugwagwa uye nendege network yakabatana nenzvimbo huru yepakati, uye kune enguva dzose nzira dzegungwa nemhepo dzinosangana nenyika dzepasi rino, iri suo rakakosha reAustralia.

Melbourne: Melbourne (Melbourne) ndiro guta rechipiri pakukura muAustralia.Ndiro guta guru reVictoria, rinozivikanwa se "Garden State", uye zvakare iri guta guru remaindasitiri muAustralia. Melbourne inozivikanwa neyakajeka greenery, fashoni, chikafu, varaidzo, tsika nemitambo zviitiko. Iyo yakasvibirira yekuvhara chiyero cheMelbourne yakakwira se40%. Zvivakwa zveVictorian, matramu, dzakasiyana siyana dzemitambo, maberere, mamuseum, magadheni ane miti-mumigwagwa nemigwagwa zvinoumba iwo maitiro anoyevedza eMelbourne.

Melbourne iguta rizere nesimba uye mufaro. Kunyangwe isina kukudzwa kweSydney, iro guta hombe, haina kuita sekunyarara kwemamwe maguta madiki eAustralia; ine zvese kubva mukusiyana kwetsika neunyanzvi kusvika parunako rwezvakasikwa. Panyaya yevaraidzo inogutsa, Melbourne inogona kunzi ndiyo yepamusoro muAustralia.Iine hunhu hwayo mune hunyanzvi, tsika nemagariro, varaidzo, chikafu, kutenga uye bhizinesi.Melbourne yakabudirira kubatanidza vanhu nehunhu, uye yave Washington-based International Population Action Organisation (Population Action International) yakasarudza iri "seguta rinogarika pasi rese".

Canberra: Canberra (Canberra) ndiro guta guru reAustralia, iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAustralia Capital Territory, pabani rePiedmont reAustralia Alps, mhiri kwemahombekombe erwizi rweMolangelo. Nzvimbo yekugara yakavakwa kutanga kwa1824, inonzi Camberley, uye muna 1836 yakanzizve Canberra. Mushure mekunge Federal District yakavambwa mu1899, yakaiswa pasi peGuta Guru. Kuvaka kwakatanga muna 1913, uye guta guru rakatamiswa zviri pamutemo muna 1927. Iyo Federal Assembly yakatamisirwa zviri pamutemo kubva kuMelbourne, ine huwandu hwevanhu vangangoita 310,000 (Chikumi 2000).

Canberra yakagadzirwa neAmerican mapurani Burley Griffin. Nharaunda yemadhorobha yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri nedziva rakatumidzwa zita reGriffin, neMetropolis Mountain kuchamhembe uye Capital Mountain kumaodzanyemba, iyo inosvika zvishoma nezvishoma ichitenderedza nzvimbo ino. Iine chivakwa cheparamende chitsva chakapedzwa muna Chivabvu 1988 senzvimbo, mahofisi makuru ehurumende nemamishinari nevamiriri venyika dzakasiyana vakagadzwa kudivi rekumaodzanyemba, rinova iro muzinda wezvematongerwo enyika uye kudyidzana. Padivi rekuchamhembe, dzimba, zvitoro zvemadhipatimendi, uye dzimba dzemitambo dzakamisikidzwa nenzira yakarongeka, yakanyarara uye yakashongedzwa, zvichiita kuti zvive pachena kuti ino inzvimbo yekugara.

Dhamu reGriffin rakavakwa muna 1963 rine denderedzwa remakiromita makumi matatu nemashanu uye nzvimbo inosvika mahekita 704. Iyo Common Wells Bridge uye Kings Bridge inotenderera Lake Griffin ichabatanidza mativi ekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kweguta. batanidza ivo. Pakati pegungwa pane "Tsime reKurangarira kwaKaputeni Cook" rakavakirwa kurangarira makore mazana maviri pakumhara kwaCaptain Cook.Chikamu chemvura chakakwirira kusvika pamamita 137 kana uchimwaya mvura. Kune shongwe yewachi paAspen Island mudhamu. Yakapihwa neUnited Kingdom kurangarira makore makumi mashanu eCanberra hwaro hwedombo hwakagadzikwa. Pakati pavo, wachi hombe inorema matani matanhatu uye diki inorema makirogiramu 7. Pane makumi mashanu chete. Guta iri musha weAustralia National University, Chechi yeSt. John the Baptist, iyo Australian National War Memorial, Canberra Technical College uye Yepamusoro Dzidzo Koreji.