[Country Profile]

Venezuela, dzina lonse la Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, ili ndi dera lalikulu makilomita 916,700. Ili kumpoto chakumwera kwa South America. Imadutsa Guyana kum'mawa, Brazil kumwera, Colombia kumadzulo, ndi Nyanja ya Caribbean kumpoto. Kupatula mapiriwo, dera lonselo ndi nyengo ya madera otentha. Nyengo yamvula imakhala kuyambira Juni mpaka Novembala chaka chilichonse, ndipo nyengo yamvula imayamba kuyambira Disembala mpaka Meyi. Mathithi a Angel, omwe ali ndi dontho lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndi malo otchuka okaona malo. Nyanja ya Maracaibo ndiye nyanja yayikulu kwambiri ku Latin America, yomwe ili kumpoto chakumadzulo komwe ili ndi makilomita 14,300 ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi Gulf of Venezuela. Madambo ozungulira nyanjayi ndi malo otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi opangira mafuta.

Dzikoli lagawidwa zigawo 21, likulu la 1, zigawo ziwiri zamalire (madera akumalire a Amazon ndi Amacuro) ndi gawo limodzi la feduro (lopangidwa ndi zilumba 72). Pali zigawo zapadera (191) ndi mizinda (736) pansi pa boma.

M'nthawi zakale, ndimene amakhala Aiawa ndi Amwenye aku Caribbean. Inakhala koloni yaku Spain ku 1567. Kudziyimira pawokha kudalengezedwa pa Julayi 5, 1811, kenako motsogozedwa ndi womasula waku South America, Simon Bolivar, adamasulidwa kwathunthu kuulamuliro wachikoloni waku Spain mu Juni 1821. Mu 1822, idapanga "Greater Colombian Republic" ndi Colombia, Ecuador ndi Panama. Anatuluka mu 1829. Federal Republic of Venezuela idakhazikitsidwa mu 1830. Mu 1864 adasinthidwa kukhala United States of Venezuela. Mu 1953, dzikolo lidadzatchedwanso Republic of Venezuela. Mu 1958, boma lokhazikitsa malamulo linakhazikitsidwa ndipo boma la literati lidakhazikitsidwa. Malinga ndi malamulo omwe adayamba kugwira ntchito mu Disembala 1999, dzina la dzikolo lidasinthidwa kukhala "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela".

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi yaying'ono yamakona anayi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwake kwa 3: 2. Kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi, imapangidwa ndikulumikiza ma rectangles atatu ofanana ndi ofanana opingasa achikaso, abuluu, ndi ofiira. Pakati pa mbendera pali nyenyezi zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyera zisanu, zokonzedwa mozungulira; ngodya yakumanzere yakumanja ilijambulidwa ndi chizindikiro cha dziko. Mitundu itatu yachikaso, yabuluu ndi yofiira imachokera ku mitundu ya mbendera yoyambirira ya Republic of Colombia. Nyenyezi zisanu ndi ziwirizo zosongoka zikuyimira zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri za Venezuela Federation mu 1811 (mbendera yoyambirira). Mothandizidwa ndi Purezidenti Chavez, pa Marichi 7, 2006, Nyumba Yamalamulo idasinthira mbendera yadziko ndi chizindikiro cha dziko, ndipo idaganiza zowonjezera mbendera kuchoka pa nyenyezi 7 kufika pa nyenyezi 8. Nyenyezi yatsopanoyo ikuyimira chigawo cha Guyana, chomwe chidachokera ku Spain mu 1817 ndikuphatikizana ku Venezuela. Mabungwe aboma amagwiritsa ntchito mbendera yadziko ndi chizindikiritso chadziko, ndipo anthu wamba amagwiritsa ntchito mbendera yopanda chizindikiro cha dziko.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Bolivia ndi 26.56 miliyoni (2005). Mitundu yosakanikirana ya Indo-European inali 58%, azungu 29%, akuda 11%, ndipo Amwenye 2%. Chilankhulo chachikulu ndi Chisipanishi. 98% ya anthu akukhulupirira Chikatolika, ndipo 1.5% yaomwe akukhulupirira Chikhristu.

Bolivia ndi amodzi mwamayiko omwe akutukuka kwambiri ku Latin America. Makampani opanga mafuta ndi omwe amathandizira chuma cha dziko, ndichachisanu padziko lonse ogulitsa mafuta osakongola, komanso dziko lokhalo ku Latin America pakati pa mamembala a Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Makampani opanga mafakitale azitsulo, migodi, magetsi, kupanga, kumanga, petrochemical ndi nsalu apita patsogolo kwambiri. Ulimi ukukula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chakudya sichingakhale chokwanira. Olemera mu mchere. Malo osungira mafuta omwe atsimikiziridwa ndi migolo 87.621 biliyoni, mafuta osungunuka (asphalt achilengedwe) ndi migolo 3.1 biliyoni, malo osungira mpweya wachilengedwe ndi 4.19 trillion cubic metres, miyala yachitsulo ndi matani 4.222 biliyoni, malo a bauxite ndi matani 5 biliyoni, ndipo malo amakala ndi matani 1 biliyoni. , Malo osungira golide ndi matani 10,000. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zowonjezera zamagetsi monga nickel ndi diamondi. Mphamvu zamadzi ndi nkhalango ndizochulukanso, ndikuwonetsetsa kwa nkhalango kwa 56%. Gawo lalikulu la mafakitale limaphatikizapo mafuta a petulo, miyala yachitsulo, zomangamanga, kupanga zitsulo, aluminummaking, magetsi, msonkhano wamagalimoto, kukonza chakudya, nsalu, ndi zina zambiri. Gawo lamafuta ndi msika wazitsulo wazachuma mdziko lonse, womwe umatulutsa migolo 3.378 tsiku lililonse.

[Mizinda ikuluikulu]

Caracas: Caracas ndiye likulu la Venezuela komanso likulu la Federal District. Malowa ndi mzinda wotchuka ku South America. Ndi chigwa chozunguliridwa ndi mapiri mbali zitatu kum'mwera kwa phiri la Avila pagombe la Nyanja ya Caribbean. Ili m'malo otentha, ma 1000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, ndipo imakhala ndi nyengo yofatsa, ngati kasupe chaka chonse. Amadziwika kuti "Spring City". Ili ndi malo okongola ndipo imadziwikanso kuti "Capital of Tianfu". Dera lamatawuni limakwirira dera lalikulu ma 1930 ma kilomita okhala ndi anthu 3,22 miliyoni (2000).

Caracas idakhazikitsidwa ku 1567, ndipo mzindawu udasankhidwa kukhala likulu pambuyo poti Venezuela idadziyimira pawokha mu 1811. Dera lamatawuni limadutsa chakumadzulo chakumadzulo, kutsata chigwa chachikulu cha Avila; kumpoto ndi phazi lakumpoto la Avila Mountain, lomwe lili pafupi ndi gombe, ndipo kumwera kuli malo otsetsereka komanso mapiri otsika. Kuphatikiza pa nyumba zakale ndi "nyumba zachifumu", pali nyumba zambiri zamakono, zakale, ndi makoleji mumzinda, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala umodzi mwamizinda yayikulu ku South America komanso mzinda waukulu mdzikolo.

Caracas ndi kwawo kwa Simon Bolivar, ngwazi yaku South America yomwe ikumenyera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha m'zaka za zana la 19 komanso abambo a Venezuela. Pakatikati mwa Bolivar Plaza yomwe ili ndi mitengo, pali chifanizo cha mkuwa cha Bolivar ndi mpeni ndi chipewa. Kumadzulo kwa mzindawu kuli "Bolivar Center", komanso University of Bolivar komanso Bolivar Avenue yotanganidwa. Dikirani. Pali nyumba yamalamulo yomwe ili mtawuni, yomwe anthu amaitcha "Capitol Hill" .Pafupi ndi pomwe pali "Golden House", pomwe pali mitundu yonse yazodzikongoletsera. Wosanja nyumba zosanja 50 ku Central Park ndiye mpando wa maofesi aboma apakati. Pali minda yamisewu paliponse mzindawu.Redwood Park ili mdera laling'onoting'ono pomwe misewu ikuluikulu iwiri imadutsana. Mitengo yobiriwira, kapinga ndi akasupe apaki zimakhala malo. Pali Makudu, Azul, Naiguada ndi Xiaojia pafupi. Lagas Beach ndi malo okopa alendo.