Izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda ezingama-21, isifunda esikhulu se-1, izifunda ezi-2 zemingcele (izifunda zemingcele ye-Amazon ne-Amacuro delta) nendawo eyi-1 federal (eyakhiwe iziqhingi ezingama-72). Kunezifunda ezikhethekile (191) namadolobha (736) ngaphansi kombuso.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, kwakuyindawo yokuhlala amaNdiya ase-Arawa nawaseCaribbean. Kwaba ikoloni laseSpain ngo-1567. I-Independence yamenyezelwa ngoJulayi 5, 1811, kwathi ngaphansi kobuholi bomkhululi waseNingizimu Melika, uSimon Bolivar, waqeda ngokuphelele umbuso wamakoloni waseSpain ngoJuni 1821. Ngo-1822, yakha i- "Greater Colombian Republic" neColombia, i-Ecuador nePanama. Iphume ngo-1829. IFederal Republic yaseVenezuela yasungulwa ngo-1830. Ngo-1864 yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-United States yaseVenezuela. Ngo-1953, izwe laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iRiphabhuliki yaseVenezuela. Ngo-1958, uhulumeni womthethosisekelo waqaliswa futhi kwasungulwa umbuso wokubhala. NgokoMthethosisekelo owaqala ukusebenza ngoZibandlela 1999, igama lezwe laguqulwa laba yi “Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela”.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande elinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Kusuka phezulu kuye ezansi, kwakhiwa ngokuxhuma onxande abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo abaphuzi, abahlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu. Kunezinkanyezi eziyisikhombisa ezimhlophe ezikhombe ezinhlanu maphakathi nefulegi, zihlelwe nge-arc; ikona elingenhla kwesobunxele lipendwe ngophawu lukazwelonke. Imibala emithathu ephuzi, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu ivela emibala yefulegi langempela leRiphabhlikhi yaseColombia. Izinkanyezi eziyisikhombisa ezinamaphoyinti amahlanu zimele izifundazwe eziyisikhombisa zeVenezuela Federation ngo-1811 (ifulegi lokuqala). Ngaphansi kokuphakanyiswa kukaMongameli Chavez, ngoMashi 7, 2006, isiGungu Sikazwelonke samukela izichibiyelo kwifulegi lesizwe nophawu lukazwelonke, sanquma ukukhulisa ifulegi lisuke ezinkanyezini eziyi-7 laya ezinkanyezini eziyi-8. Le nkanyezi esanda kufakwa imele isifundazwe saseGuyana, esaphuma embusweni waseSpain ngo-1817 saze sahlanganiswa saya eVenezuela. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ifulegi likazwelonke elinophawu lukazwelonke, kanti nezakhamizi zisebenzisa ifulegi lesizwe ngaphandle kophawu lukazwelonke.

Inani labantu baseBolivia liyizigidi ezingama-26.56 (2005). Izinhlanga ezixubene e-Indo-European bezingama-58%, abamhlophe bewu-29%, abamnyama bangu-11% bese kuthi amaNdiya abe ngu-2%. Ulimi olusemthethweni iSpanishi. Izakhamuzi ezingama-98% zikholelwa kubuKhatholika, kanti izakhamizi ezingama-1.5% zikholelwa ebuKristwini.

IBolivia ingenye yezomnotho othuthuke kakhulu eLatin America. Imboni kaphethiloli ingumgogodla womnotho wezwe, ingumthengisi wesihlanu owedlula wonke emhlabeni kawoyela ongahluziwe, futhi ukuphela kwezwe laseLatin America phakathi kwamalungu e-Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Imikhakha yezimboni efana nensimbi, izimayini, ugesi, ezokukhiqiza, ezokwakha, i-petrochemical kanye nezindwangu ithuthuke ngokushesha. Ezolimo zikhula kancane, futhi nokudla akunakukwazi ukuzimela. Ucebile ngemithombo yamaminerali. Izinqolobane zikawoyela ezifakazelwe ziyimiphongolo engama-87.621 billion, ama-emulsified oil (i-asphalt yemvelo) ayimigqomo eyi-3.1 billion, imithombo yegesi yemvelo ingama-cubic metres ayi-4.19 trillion, ama-iron ore akhona angamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.222, ama-bauxite ayizigidi eziyisi-5, kanti amalahle ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-1. , Izinqolobane zegolide zingamathani ayi-10 000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinsiza zamaminerali ezifana ne-nickel nedayimane. Amandla wamanzi nezinsizakusebenza zehlathi nakho kuningi, ngezinga lokutholakala kwehlathi elingama-56%. Imikhakha eyinhloko yezimboni ifaka phakathi i-petroleum, i-iron ore, ukwakhiwa, ukwenziwa kwensimbi, i-aluminummaking, amandla kagesi, ukuhlangana kwezimoto, ukucubungula ukudla, izindwangu, njll. Phakathi kwazo, umkhakha kaphethiloli uyimboni yezinsika yomnotho wezwe, lapho kukhishwa khona imiphongolo eyizigidi ezingama-3.378 nsuku zonke.

[Amadolobha amakhulu]

ICaracas: ICaracas iyinhloko-dolobha yaseVenezuela nenhloko-dolobha yeSifunda Sombuso. Akuyona nje kuphela eyepolitiki, ezomnotho, amasiko nezimali zezwe. Isikhungo futhi siyidolobha elidumile elingumlando eNingizimu Melika. Kuyisigodi esizungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu eningizimu yeNtaba i-Avila ogwini loLwandle lweCaribbean. Itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo, amamitha ayi-1000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, futhi inesimo sezulu esipholile, njengentwasahlobo unyaka wonke. Iyaziwa njenge "Spring City". Inendawo enhle futhi yaziwa nangokuthi "Inhlokodolobha yaseTianfu". Indawo esemadolobheni ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1930 enabantu abayizigidi ezingama-3.22 (2000).

ICaracas yasungulwa ngo-1567, kanti idolobha laqokwa njengenhlokodolobha ngemuva kokuthi iVenezuela izithole ngo-1811. Indawo yasemadolobheni igudla empumalanga-ntshonalanga, ilandele i-Avila Valley ebabazekayo; enyakatho unyawo olusenyakatho lweNtaba i-Avila, eseduze nogu, futhi eningizimu kunemithambeka emincane namagquma aphansi. Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zakudala kanye "nezinqaba", kunezakhiwo eziningi zanamuhla eziphakeme kakhulu, iminyuziyamu, namakolishi edolobheni, okwenza kube ngomunye wamadolobha amakhulu anamuhla eNingizimu Melika kanye nedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke ezweni.

ICaracas idolobha lakubo likaSimon Bolivar, iqhawe laseNingizimu Melika elilwela inkululeko kazwelonke ngekhulu le-19 futhi lingubaba waseVenezuela. Maphakathi neBolivar Plaza ebhalwe izihlahla, kumi isithombe esenziwe ngethusi seBolivar ngommese nesigqoko.Ntshonalanga yedolobha i- "Bolivar Center", kanye neBolivar University ebabazekayo neBolivar Avenue ematasa. Linda. Kunebhilidi lephalamende elisenkabeni yedolobha, abantu abalibiza nge "Capitol Hill". Akukude kakhulu "iGolden House" edumile, lapho kutholakala khona zonke izinhlobo zobucwebe. Isakhiwo esinezitezi ezingama-50 eCentral Park yisona sihlalo soNgqongqoshe bakahulumeni abaphakathi. Kunezingadi zomgwaqo yonke indawo edolobheni. Phakathi kwazo, iRedwood Park isendaweni engunxantathu lapho kuhlangana khona imigwaqo emikhulu emibili.Izihlahla eziluhlaza, utshani nemithombo epaki yakha indawo yesehlakalo.Kukhona iMakudu, i-Azul, iNaiguada neXiaojia eduzane. ILagas Beach iyindawo eheha izivakashi.