IBrazil, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhlikhi yaseBrazil, nenendawo eyi-8,514,900 yeekhilomitha, lelona lizwe likhulu kwiLatin America. Ifumaneka kumazantsi mpuma oMzantsi Merika. Umda umda yiFrench Guiana, iSuriname, iGuyana, iVenezuela kunye neColombia emantla, iPeru, iBolivia, iParaguay, iArgentina neUruguay emazantsi, kunye noLwandlekazi lweAtlantic empuma. Unxweme lungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-7,400 ubude. I-80% yomhlaba ubekwe kwimimandla yetropiki, kwaye icandelo elisemazantsi linemozulu eshushu. Ithafa elisemantla eAmazon linemozulu yeikhweyitha enobushushu obuphakathi bonyaka obungu-27-29 ° C. Ithafa elisembindini linemozulu enengca yetropiki, yahlulwe yangamaxesha onyaka nemvula.

Ilizwe lahlulwe langamazwe angama-26 kunye ne-1 Federal District (Kukho i-Brasilia Federal District) Kukho iidolophu eziphantsi kwala mazwe, kwaye kukho iidolophu ezingama-5562 elizweni. Amagama ala mazwe ngala alandelayo: Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Sul IGrosso, iMinas Gerais, iPala, iParaíba, iParana, iPernambuco, Piauí, iRio Grande do Norte, iRio Grande do Sul, iRio de Janeiro, iRondônia , Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins.

IBrazil yakudala yayihlala amaIndiya. Ngo-Epreli 22, 1500, umatiloshe wasePortugal uCabral wafika eBrazil. Yaba yithanga lesiPhuthukezi ngenkulungwane ye-16. Inkululeko ngoSeptemba 7, 1822, baseka uBukhosi baseBrazil. Ubukhoboka bapheliswa ngoMeyi 1888. Ngomhla kaNovemba 15, 1889, uFonseca wasungula iphulo lokuphelisa ubukhosi kunye nokuseka republic. Umgaqo-siseko wokuqala weRiphabhlikhi wapasiswa nge-24 kaFebruwari, 1891, kwaye ilizwe labizwa ngokuba yi-United States yaseBrazil. Ngo-1960, ikomkhulu lasuswa eRio de Janeiro laya eBrasilia. Eli lizwe labizwa ngokuba yiFederal Republic yaseBrazil ngo-1967.

Iflegi yesizwe: yoxande kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-10: 7. Iflegi yomhlaba iluhlaza kunye nerhombus etyheli embindini, kwaye iiseyinti zayo ezine zikumgama ofanayo ukusuka kumda weflegi. Embindini wedayimane kukho iglowubhu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ene-arch leucorrhea kuyo. Luhlaza notyheli yimibala yesizwe yaseBrazil. Luhlaza luphawu lwehlathi elikhulu lelizwe, kwaye tyheli imele iidipozithi ezityebileyo kunye nezixhobo. Ibhendi emhlophe e-arched kumhlaba osesibhakabhakeni yahlulahlula ibala libe ngamacandelo aphezulu nasezantsi.Indawo esezantsi ifanekisela isibhakabhaka esineenkwenkwezi kumazantsi eIkhwezi.Iinkwenkwezi ezimhlophe ezibhekiswe ezintlanu ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo kwinxalenye ephezulu zimele amazwe angama-26 eBrazil kunye nommandla wesithili. Ibhanti elimhlophe lithi "uMyalelo kunye neNkqubela phambili" ngesiPhuthukezi.

Inani labemi baseBrazil zizigidi ezili-186.77. Abamhlophe babalelwa kuma-53.8%, ii-mulattos zaba ngama-39.1%, abantsundu babalelwa kwi-6.2%, i-yellows yona yafumana i-0.5%, ama-Indiya wona ayi-0.4%. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni sisiPhuthukezi. Ama-73.8% abahlali bakholelwa kubuKatolika. (Umthombo: "Iziko laseBrazil leJografi kunye neNkcukacha-manani")

IBrazil isikelelwe ngeemeko zendalo. Umlambo iAmazon onqumla emantla ngawona mlambo uneyona basin ibanzi kwaye uhamba kakhulu emhlabeni. Ihlathi laseAmazon, elaziwa njenge "lung of the earth", ligubungela ummandla osisi-7.5 sezigidi zeekhilomitha, esenza isinye kwisithathu sehlathi lehlabathi, uninzi lwazo luseBrazil. Kumazantsi-ntshona omlambo wesihlanu ngobukhulu emhlabeni iParana, kukho iiIguazu Falls ezinomtsalane kakhulu.Isikhululo samandla ombane i-Itaipu, esona sikhululo sikhulu samandla ombane, esidityaniswe sakhiwa yiBrazil kunye neParaguay saziwa njenge “Projekthi Yenkulungwane”, sakhiwa eParana. Emlanjeni.

IBrazil ligunya loqoqosho olusakhulayo kwihlabathi.Ngowama-2006, i-GDP yayo yayizi-620.741 zezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika, ngomndilili womntu ngamnye ngama-3,300 eedola zaseMelika. IBrazil ityebile kwimithombo yezimbiwa, ikakhulu i-iron, i-uranium, i-bauxite, i-manganese, i-oyile, igesi yendalo kunye namalahle. Phakathi kwazo, oovimba bentsimbi abangqiniweyo ziitoni ezingama-65 ezigidi, kunye nenqanaba lokukhutshwa kunye nelokuthumela kumgangatho wokuqala emhlabeni. Oovimba be-uranium ore, i-bauxite kunye ne-manganese ore bonke bakwindawo yesithathu emhlabeni. IBrazil lelona lizwe likhulu kwezoqoqosho kwiLatin America, inenkqubo yezorhwebo epheleleyo, kwaye ixabiso layo kwimizi mveliso liqala kuqala kwiLatin America. Isinyithi, imoto, ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa, ipetroleum, imichiza, amandla ombane, ukwenza izihlangu kunye namanye amashishini anwabela udumo oluphezulu emhlabeni.Iqondo lobuchwephesha bamandla enyukliya, unxibelelwano, i-elektroniki, ukwenziwa kweenqwelo moya, ulwazi, kunye nomzi mveliso wezomkhosi ungene kumanqanaba amazwe ahambele phambili kwihlabathi.

IBrazil lelona lizwe likhupha imveliso yekofu nelithumela kumazwe angaphandle, kwaye yaziwa njenge- "Kingdom Kingdom" Iziphumo zomoba kunye nezitrasi nazo zezona zikhulu ehlabathini. Imveliso yeembotyi zesoya zikwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi, kwaye imveliso yombona ikwindawo yesithathu emhlabeni. IBrazil ngumvelisi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni wonke emva kweMelika kunye neJamani. Iziphumo zonyaka zeentlobo ngeentlobo zeelekese zifikelela kwizigidi zezigidi ezingama-80. Ixabiso lonyaka lokuphuma kwemveliso yeelekese yi-US $ 500 yezigidi. Ithumela ngaphandle malunga neetoni ezingama-50 000 zeelekese rhoqo ngonyaka. Umhlaba olimekayo welizwe olimalunga neehektare ezingama-400 ezigidi, kwaye waziwa ngokuba "yindawo yokugcina ukutya yenkulungwane yama-21". Ukufuya izilwanyana eBrazil kukhule kakhulu, ingakumbi ukufuya iinkomo. IBrazil inegama ekudala likho kwezokhenketho kwaye yenye yezona zilishumi zifumana umvuzo kwezokhenketho. Iindawo eziphambili zabakhenkethi ziicawa kunye nezakhiwo zakudala zaseRio de Janeiro, eSao Paulo, e-El Salvador, kwisiXeko saseBrasilia, eIguazu Falls nase-Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Station, eFree Port yeManaus, kwiGold Black City, eParana Stone Forest nase-Everglades.

I-Brasilia: I-Brasilia, idolophu elikomkhulu laseBrazil, yasekwa ngo-1956. Ngelo xesha, uMongameli Juscelino Kubitschek, owayedume ngokukhula kwakhe, wazama ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lweendawo ezisemaphandleni kunye nokomeleza ulawulo lwamazwe.Wachitha imali eninzi wathatha kuphela iinyanga ezingama-41 ukuzisa ukuphakama kweemitha ezili-1,200 kunye nokuphanziswa. Isixeko esitsha sanamhlanje sakhiwa kwithafa elisembindini lase China. Xa kwagqitywa ikomkhulu elitsha ngomhla wamashumi amabini ananye kuAprili, 1960, bekukho nje amakhulu ambalwa amawaka abemi.Ngoku sele iyidolophu enkulu enabemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2. Olu suku lukwabizwa ngokuba lusuku lweedolophu lwaseBrasilia.

Phambi kokuba ikomkhulu lisekwe eBrasilia, urhulumente wabamba "ukhuphiswano loyilo lwasezidolophini" olungazange lubonwe kwilizwe lonke. Umsebenzi kaLucio Costa waphumelela kwindawo yokuqala kwaye wamkelwa. Umsebenzi waseCosta uphefumlelwe ngumnqamlezo. Umnqamlezo kukuwela imithambo emibini kunye.Ngokuba kunyanzelekile ukuba uhambelane nomhlaba weBrasilia, omnye wawo ujike ube yi-arc egobile, kwaye umnqamlezo ubume bomoya omkhulu. Ibhotwe likaMongameli, iPalamente, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo zijikeleze i-Three Powers Square, nganye inendawo ezintathu ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi mpuma.Zingaphezu kwama-20 izakhiwo zebhokisi yematshisi enemigangatho engaphezu kweshumi.Zakhiwe macala omabini endlela enkulu ngendlela emanyeneyo yokwakha. Isakhiwo sifana nempumlo yenqwelo-moya. I-fuselage yenziwe yindawo ye-EXAO yesikhululo kunye nendawo eluhlaza.Amacala asekhohlo nasekunene ngamaphiko asemantla kunye nasezantsi, enezindawo zorhwebo nezokuhlala.Isikhululo esibanzi sesahlulo sohlula isixeko empuma nasentshona. Zininzi iindawo zokuhlala ezifana neetyhubhu ze-tofu kumantla nakumazantsi amaphiko, kwaye kukho indawo yorhwebo phakathi kwezi "tofu cubes" zimbini. Zonke izitrato azinamagama kwaye zahlulwe ngoonobumba aba-3 kunye namanani ama-3, anje ngo-SQS307. Oonobumba aba-2 bokuqala zizifinyezo zommandla, kwaye ileta yokugqibela ikhokela kwicala elisemantla.

I-Brasília inemozulu emnandi kwaye iyaphuma unyaka wonke.Iindawo ezinkulu eziluhlaza kunye namachibi angengawo ajikeleze isixeko abe yindawo yedolophu.Indawo nganye eluhlaza eluhlaza zii-100 square metres, sesona sixeko siluhlaza emhlabeni. . Uphuhliso lwalo belusoloko lulawulwa ngokungqongqo ngurhulumente. Onke amashishini esixekweni aneendawo zawo "zokufudusa" .Iindawo zebhanki, iihotele, indawo zorhwebo, iindawo zolonwabo, iindawo zokuhlala, nditsho nokulungiswa kweemoto zineendawo ezizinzileyo. Ukuze kukhuselwe ubume be "moya" ekonakaleni, iindawo zokuhlala ezintsha azivumelekanga ukuba zakhiwe esixekweni, kwaye abahlali basasazwa kangangoko ukuba bahlale kwizixeko zesathelayithi ngaphandle kwesixeko. Oko yagqitywayo, isesisixeko esihle kwaye sanamhlanje, kwaye izise ukuchuma kumbindi nasentshona yeBrazil, ukugqitha emazantsi nasemantla, kwaye iqhubele phambili uphuhliso kunye nenkqubela phambili yelizwe lonke. Nge-7 kaDisemba ngo-1987, iBrasília yonyulwa njenge "lilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu" yi-UNESCO, iba ngowona mncinane phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi aqaqambileyo enkcubeko yelifa.

I-Rio de Janeiro: I-Rio De Janeiro (i-Rio De Janeiro, ekubhekiswa kuyo njenge-Rio) lelona zibuko likhulu laseBrazil, kwaye likunxweme olusentshona ye-Atlantic Ocean kumazantsi mpuma eBrazil, ikomkhulu leRio de Janeiro State kunye nedolophu yesibini ngobukhulu eBrazil emva kweSao Paulo. I-Rio de Janeiro ithetha "uMlambo uJanuwari" ngesiPhuthukezi, kwaye yathiywa igama ngamaPhuthukezi ahamba ngenqanawa apha ngoJanuwari 1505. Ukwakhiwa kwesixeko kwaqala kwiminyaka engama-60 kamva. Ukusuka kwi-1763 ukuya kwi-1960 yayilikomkhulu laseBrazil. Ngo-Epreli 1960, urhulumente waseBrazil wathumela ikomkhulu lakhe eBrasilia. Kodwa kule mihla kusekho ii-arhente zikarhulumente ezimbalwa kunye nekomkhulu lemibutho kunye neenkampani, ke ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "capital yesibini" yaseBrazil.

ERio de Janeiro, abantu banokubona izakhiwo ezindala ezigcinwe kakuhle kuyo yonke indawo. Uninzi lwazo luye lwenziwa iiholo zesikhumbuzo okanye iimyuziyam. IMyuziyam kaZwelonke yaseBrazil yenye yezona myuziyam zidumileyo ehlabathini namhlanje, nengqokelela yezinto ezingaphezulu kwesigidi esinye.

I-Rio de Janeiro, ejikelezwe ziintaba nemilambo, inemozulu entle kwaye iyindawo enomtsalane kubakhenkethi. Ineelwandle ezingaphezu kwama-30 ezinobude obupheleleyo beekhilomitha ezingama-200. Phakathi kwazo olona lwandle ludumileyo lwe "Copacabana" lumhlophe kwaye lucocekile, lumile okweqanda kwaye luziikhilomitha ezisibhozo ubude. Ecaleni kweboulevard ebanzi yolwandle, iihotele zangoku ezinemigangatho engama-20 okanye engama-30 inyuka emhlabeni, kunye nemithi yesundu emide imi phakathi kwabo. Inkangeleko entle yesi sixeko sonxweme itsala inani elikhulu labakhenkethi. Ngokwezibalo, phantse i-40% yabakhenkethi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 ukuya eBrazil minyaka le baya kwesi sixeko.