IBrazil, igama eligcwele leFederal Republic of Brazil, elinendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-8,514,900, yizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke eLatin America. Kutholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Imingcele yiFrench Guiana, iSuriname, iGuyana, iVenezuela neColombia ngasenyakatho, iPeru, iBolivia, iParaguay, i-Argentina ne-Uruguay ngaseningizimu, ne-Atlantic Ocean ngasempumalanga. Ugu lungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-7 400 ubude. U-80% womhlaba utholakala ezifundeni ezishisayo, kanti ingxenye eseningizimu kakhulu inesimo sezulu esishisayo. I-Amazon Plain esenyakatho inesimo sezulu esilinganayo esisendaweni enamazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo angama-27-29 ° C ngonyaka. Ithafa elisenkabeni linesimo sezulu esinezindawo ezishisayo, esihlukaniswe ngezikhathi zonyaka ezomile nezimvula.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda ezingama-26 kanye ne-1 Federal District (iBrasilia Federal District) Kunamadolobha angaphansi kwezifundazwe, futhi kunamadolobha angama-5562 ezweni. Amagama ezifundazwe ami kanjena: Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Sul IGrosso, iMinas Gerais, iPala, iParaíba, iParana, iPernambuco, Piauí, iRio Grande do Norte, iRio Grande do Sul, iRio de Janeiro, iRondônia , Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins.

IBrazil yasendulo kwakuyindawo yokuhlala amaNdiya. Ngo-Ephreli 22, 1500, itilosi lasePutukezi uCabral wafika eBrazil. Kwaba ikoloni lamaPutukezi ngekhulu le-16. Ukuzimela ngoSepthemba 7, 1822, kwasungula uMbuso waseBrazil. Ubugqila baqedwa ngoMeyi 1888. NgoNovemba 15, 1889, uFonseca wethula umbhikisho wokuqeda ubukhosi nokusungula i-republic. Umthethosisekelo wokuqala weRiphabhulikhi waphasiswa ngomhlaka-24 kuFebhuwari 1891, izwe laqanjwa ngokuthi yi-United States of Brazil. Ngo-1960, inhlokodolobha yasuswa eRio de Janeiro yayiswa eBrasilia. Izwe labizwa kabusha ngokuthi yiFederal Republic yaseBrazil ngo-1967.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande, ngesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-10: 7. Umhlabathi wefulegi uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka une-rhombus ephuzi phakathi, futhi ama-vertices amane ayibanga elifanayo ukusuka onqenqemeni lwefulegi. Maphakathi nedayimane kukhona imbulunga yasezulwini eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ene-arch leucorrhea. Okuhlaza nokuphuzi imibala kazwelonke yaseBrazil. Okuluhlaza kufanekisela ihlathi elikhulu lezwe, kanti okuphuzi kufanekisela amadiphozi nezinsiza ezicebile. I-arched white band embulungeni yasezulwini ihlukanisa lo mkhakha ube izingxenye ezingaphezulu nezingezansi.Ingxenye engezansi ifanekisela isibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi eningizimu yezwe, nezinkanyezi ezimhlophe ezinamachopho amahlanu amsayizi ohlukahlukene engxenyeni engenhla zimele izifunda ezingama-26 zaseBrazil nesifunda sikahulumeni. Ibhande elimhlophe lithi "Order and Progress" ngesiPutukezi.

Inani labantu baseBrazil liyizigidi eziyi-186.77. Abamhlophe babenze u-53.8%, ama-mulattoes aba ngu-39.1%, abamnyama baba ngu-6.2%, aba-yellows baba ngu-0.5%, amaNdiya wona aba ngu-0.4%. Ulimi olusemthethweni isiPutukezi. Izakhamizi ezingama-73.8% zikholelwa kubuKhatholika. (Umthombo: "I-Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics")

IBrazil ibusiswe ngezimo zemvelo. Umfula iAmazon onqamula enyakatho ngumfula onedamu ebanzi futhi ogeleza kakhulu emhlabeni. Ihlathi lase-Amazon, elaziwa ngokuthi “iphaphu lomhlaba,” lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-7.5, elibala ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zehlathi lomhlaba, iningi lakhona eliseBrazil. Eningizimu-ntshonalanga yomfula iPharana wesihlanu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kuneziMpophoma i-Iguazu ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu.Isiteshi se-Itaipu Hydropower Station, isiteshi samandla esikhulu samanzi emhlabeni, esakhiwe ngokuhlanganyela yiBrazil neParaguay futhi saziwa njenge- “Project of the Century”, sakhiwa eParana. Emfuleni.

IBrazil ingamandla asathuthuka kwezomnotho emhlabeni.Ngonyaka we-2006, i-GDP yayo yayingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-620.741 aseMelika, ngenani lomuntu ngamunye lalingama-3 300 amadola aseMelika. IBrazil icebile ngemithombo yamaminerali, ikakhulukazi i-iron, i-uranium, i-bauxite, i-manganese, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo namalahle. Phakathi kwazo, izinqolobane zensimbi ezifakazelwe zingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-65, futhi inani lomthamo nelokuthekelisa kuqala emhlabeni. Izinqolobane ze-uranium ore, i-bauxite ne-manganese ore zonke zikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni. IBrazil yizwe lomnotho elikhulu kunawo wonke eLatin America, inohlelo lwezimboni oluphelele uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi inani lalo lezimboni elikhiphayo libalwa kuqala eLatin America. Insimbi, imoto, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, uphethiloli, amakhemikhali, amandla kagesi, ukwenza izicathulo nezinye izimboni zijabulela idumela eliphezulu emhlabeni.Izinga lobuchwepheshe lamandla enuzi, ezokuxhumana, i-elekthronikhi, ukukhiqizwa kwamabhanoyi, ulwazi, kanye nezimboni zamasosha sekungene ezingeni lamazwe athuthukile emhlabeni.

IBrazil ingumkhiqizi kanye nomthumeli wekhofi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni, futhi yaziwa njenge- "Kingdom Kingdom". Umphumela womoba kanye nezithelo ezisawolintshi ubuye ube ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwesoya kukleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni, kanti ukukhiqizwa kommbila kukleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni. IBrazil ingumkhiqizi wesithathu ngobukhulu bama-confectionery emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-United States ne-Germany. Okukhipha minyaka yonke izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaskandi kufinyelela kwizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-80. Inani lonyaka elikhiphayo lomkhakha wama-confectionery liyi-US $ 500 million. Ithumela kwamanye amazwe cishe amathani ayi-50 000 amaswidi minyaka yonke. Indawo engumhlaba olimekayo ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-400, futhi yaziwa ngokuthi "yindawo yokugcina umhlaba yekhulu lama-21". Ukufuya izilwane eBrazil kuthuthuke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukufuya izinkomo. IBrazil idume kudala kwezokuvakasha futhi ingelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili kwezokuvakasha ayishumi. Izindawo eziyinhloko zabavakashi amasonto nezakhiwo zasendulo zaseRio de Janeiro, eSao Paulo, e-El Salvador, eBrasilia City, eIguazu Falls nase-Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Station, eFree Port yeManaus, eBlack Gold City, eParana Stone Forest nase-Everglades.

I-Brasilia: I-Brasilia, inhlokodolobha yaseBrazil, yasungulwa ngo-1956. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMongameli uJuscelino Kubitschek, owaziwa ngokuthuthuka kwakhe, wazama ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezisemaphandleni nokuqinisa ukuphatha izifundazwe.Wasebenzisa imali eningi wathatha izinyanga ezingama-41 kuphela ukuletha ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-1 200 nokuchithwa. Idolobha elisha lesimanje lakhiwa ethafeni eliphakathi neChina. Ngenkathi inhlokodolobha entsha iqedwa ngo-Ephreli 21, 1960, kwakukhona kuphela abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa.Manje sekuyidolobha elikhulu elinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2. Lolu suku luphinde lwabizwa ngokuthi usuku lomuzi waseBrasilia.

Ngaphambi kokuba inhlokodolobha isungulwe eBrasilia, uhulumeni wabamba "umncintiswano wezakhiwo zasemadolobheni" ongakaze ubonwe ezweni lonke. Umsebenzi kaLucio Costa wawina indawo yokuqala futhi wamukelwa. Umsebenzi kaCosta uphefumulelwe yisiphambano. Isiphambano ukuwela imithambo emibili emikhulu ndawonye, ​​ngoba ukuhambisana nesimo seBrasilia, esinye sazo siphendulwa saba i-arc egobile, futhi isiphambano siba isimo sendiza enkulu. Isigodlo sikaMongameli, iPhalamende, neNkantolo Ephakeme izungeze iTower Powers Square, ngayinye inezikhombisi ezintathu ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga.Kunezakhiwo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili zemidlalo yebhokisi likamentshisi elinezitezi ezingaphezu kweshumi.Zakhiwe ezinhlangothini zombili zomgwaqo omkhulu ngendlela yobumbano yokwakha. Lesi sakhiwo sifana nekhala lendiza. I-fuselage yakhiwe yisiteshi se-EXAO esiteshini nendawo eluhlaza. Izinhlangothi ezingakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla ngamaphiko asenyakatho naseningizimu, akhiwe izindawo zezentengiselwano nezokuhlala. Kunezindawo eziningi zokuhlala ezifana namabhubhu e-tofu ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, futhi kunendawo yezentengiselwano phakathi kwala "ma-tofu cubes" amabili. Yonke imigwaqo ayinamagama futhi ihlukaniswa ngezinhlamvu ezi-3 kuphela nezinombolo ezi-3, njenge-SQS307. Izinhlamvu ezi-2 zokuqala yizifinyezo zale ndawo, kanti incwadi yokugcina iqondisa indlela eya enyakatho.

I-Brasília inesimo sezulu esimnandi neziphethu unyaka wonke.Izindawo ezinkulu eziluhlaza namachibi okufakelwa azungeze idolobha sekwaba yindawo yedolobha.Indawo eluhlaza yomuntu ngamunye ingamamitha-skwele ayi-100, okuyidolobha eliluhlaza kunawo wonke emhlabeni. . Ukuthuthuka kwayo kuhlale kulawulwa nguhulumeni. Zonke izimboni zedolobha zinezindawo zazo "zokuthuthela kabusha". Izindawo zamabhange, izindawo zamahhotela, izindawo zezentengiselwano, izindawo zokungcebeleka, izindawo zokuhlala, ngisho nokulungiswa kwezimoto kunezindawo ezihleliwe. Ngenhloso yokuvikela ukwakheka kwale "ndiza" ekulimaleni, izindawo zokuhlala ezintsha azivunyelwe ukwakhiwa edolobheni, futhi izakhamizi zizama ukuhlala emadolobheni esathelayithi ngaphandle kwedolobha. Selokhu yaqedwa, iseyidolobha elihle futhi lesimanje, futhi ilethe ukuchuma ezingxenyeni ezisenkabeni nasentshonalanga yeBrazil, eningizimu nasenyakatho, futhi iqhube intuthuko nenqubekela phambili yezwe lonke. NgoDisemba 7, 1987, iBrasilia yaqokwa njenge- "ifa lamasiko esintu" yi-UNESCO, yaba ngomncane kunabo bonke emiphakathini eminingi emihle yamasiko esintu.

I-Rio de Janeiro: I-Rio De Janeiro (i-Rio De Janeiro, ebizwa nge-Rio) iyitheku elikhulu kunawo wonke eBrazil, elisogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Atlantic Ocean eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrazil. Liyinhloko-dolobha yaseRio de Janeiro State futhi idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu eBrazil ngemuva kweSao Paulo. I-Rio de Janeiro isho ukuthi "uMfula kaJanuwari" ngesiPutukezi futhi iqanjwe ngamaPutukezi ahamba ngomkhumbi lapha ngoJanuwari 1505. Ukwakhiwa kwedolobha kwaqala eminyakeni engama-60 kamuva. Kusukela ngo-1763 kuya ku-1960 kwakuyinhloko-dolobha yaseBrazil. Ngo-Ephreli 1960, uhulumeni waseBrazil wathuthela inhlokodolobha yawo eBrasilia. Kepha kulezi zinsuku kusenezinhlaka ezimbalwa zikahulumeni, kanye nendlunkulu yezinhlangano nezinkampani, ngakho-ke yaziwa nangokuthi "inhlokodolobha yesibili" yaseBrazil.

ERio de Janeiro, abantu bangabona izakhiwo zasendulo ezigcinwe kahle yonke indawo. Iningi lawo seliphendulwe amahholo esikhumbuzo noma iminyuziyamu. INational Museum yaseBrazil ngomunye weminyuziyamu edume kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla, neqoqo lezinto ezingaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa.

I-Rio de Janeiro, ezungezwe izintaba nemifula, inesimo sezulu esihle futhi iyindawo eheha izivakashi emhlabeni jikelele. Inamabhishi angaphezu kwama-30 anobude obuphelele bamakhilomitha angama-200. Phakathi kwawo, ibhishi elidume kakhulu "iCopacabana" limhlophe futhi lihlanzekile, limise okweqanda futhi lingamakhilomitha ayi-8 ubude. Ngasogwini lolwandle olubanzi, amahhotela anamuhla anezitezi ezingama-20 noma ezingama-30 aphakama esuka emhlabathini, kukhona phakathi kwawo imithi emide yesundu. Indawo enhle yaleli dolobha elisogwini iheha inqwaba yezivakashi. Ngokwezibalo, cishe i-40% yezivakashi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 eziya eBrazil unyaka nonyaka ziza kuleli dolobha.