Egypt, the full name of the Arab Republic of Egypt, covers an area of ​​1.0145 million square kilometers. It straddles Asia and Africa, bordering Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, the Red Sea to the east and Palestine and Israel to the east, and the Mediterranean to the north. Most of Egypt's territory is located in northeastern Africa. Only the Sinai Peninsula east of the Suez Canal is located in southwest Asia. Egypt has a coastline of about 2,900 kilometers, but it is a typical desert country, with 96% of its territory being desert.

The Nile, the longest river in the world, runs 1,350 kilometers across Egypt from south to north, and is known as the "River of Life" in Egypt. The narrow valleys formed on the banks of the Nile and the deltas formed at the entrance to the sea are the richest areas in Egypt. Although this area only accounts for 4% of the country's area, it is home to 99% of the country's population. The Suez Canal is a major transportation hub for Europe, Asia, and Africa, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, and connecting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It is of great strategic and economic significance. The main lakes are the Big Bitter Lake and the Timsah Lake, as well as the largest artificial lake in Africa formed by the Aswan High Dam-the Nasser Reservoir (5,000 square kilometers). The whole area is dry and drier. The Nile Delta and the northern coastal areas belong to the Mediterranean climate, with an average temperature of 12℃ in January and 26℃ in July; the average annual precipitation is 50-200 mm. Most of the remaining areas belong to the tropical desert climate, hot and dry, the temperature in the desert area can reach 40 ℃, and the annual average precipitation is less than 30 mm. From April to May of each year, there is often a "50-year-old wind", which entrains sand and stones and damages crops.

The country is divided into 26 provinces, with counties, cities, districts and villages under the province.

Egypt has a long history. A unified country of slavery appeared in 3200 BC. However, in the long history, Egypt has suffered many foreign invasions and was successively conquered by Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Turks. At the end of the 19th century, Egypt was occupied by the British army and became Britain's "protector nation." On July 23, 1952, the "Free Officers Organization" headed by Nasser overthrew the Farouk dynasty, took control of the country, and ended the history of foreign rulership in Egypt. On June 18, 1953, the Republic of Egypt was announced, and in 1971 it was renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt.

Egypt has a population of more than 73.67 million, most of whom live in river valleys and deltas. Mainly Arabs. Islam is the state religion, and its followers are mainly Sunni, accounting for 84% of the total population. Coptic Christians and other believers account for about 16%. The official language is Arabic, general English and French.

The main resources in Egypt are oil, natural gas, phosphate, iron and so on. In 2003, Egypt discovered crude oil in the deep sea of ​​the Mediterranean for the first time, discovered the largest natural gas field to date in the Western Desert, and opened the first natural gas pipeline to Jordan. Aswan Dam is one of the seven largest dams in the world, with an annual power generation capacity of more than 10 billion kWh. Egypt is one of the more developed countries in Africa, but its industrial foundation is relatively weak. Textile and food processing are traditional industries, accounting for more than half of the total industrial output value. In the past ten years, garments and leather products, building materials, cement, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, ceramics and furniture have developed rapidly, and chemical fertilizers can be self-sufficient. The petroleum industry has developed particularly rapidly, accounting for 18.63% of GDP.

Egypt's economy is dominated by agriculture. Agriculture occupies an important position in the national economy. The agricultural population accounts for about 56% of the country's total population, and the agricultural output value accounts for about 18% of the gross national product. The Nile Valley and Delta are the most prosperous areas in Egypt, rich in agricultural products such as cotton, wheat, rice, peanuts, sugar cane, dates, fruits and vegetables, and long-fiber cotton and citrus are well-known in the world. The government attaches great importance to agricultural development and expansion of arable land. The main agricultural products are cotton, wheat, rice, corn, sugar cane, sorghum, flax, peanuts, fruits, vegetables, etc. Agricultural products mainly export cotton, potatoes and rice. Egypt has a long history, splendid culture, many places of interest, and has good conditions for the development of tourism. The main tourist attractions are: Pyramids, Sphinx, Al-Azhar Mosque, Ancient Castle, Greco-Roman Museum, Catba Castle, Montazah Palace, Luxor Temple, Karnak Temple, Valley of the Kings, Aswan Dam etc. Tourism income is one of the main sources of foreign exchange income in Egypt.

A large number of pyramids, temples and ancient tombs found in the Nile Valley, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Western Desert are all relics of ancient Egyptian civilization. More than 80 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. The three magnificent pyramids and one sphinx standing majestically in the Giza province of Cairo on the Nile have a history of about 4,700 years. The largest is the Pyramid of Khufu. It took about 20 years for 100,000 people to build it piece by piece. The Sphinx is more than 20 meters high and about 50 meters long. It was carved on a large rock. The Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx are miracles in the history of human architecture, and are also a monument to the hard work and outstanding wisdom of the Egyptian people.

Cairo

The Egyptian capital Cairo (Cairo) straddles the Nile River. It is majestic and magnificent. It is the political, economic and Business center. It is composed of Cairo, Giza and Qalyub provinces and is commonly known as Greater Cairo. Greater Cairo is the largest city in Egypt and the Arab world, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It has a population of 7.799 million (January 2006).

The formation of Cairo can be traced back to the Ancient Kingdom period about 3000 BC. As the capital, it also has a history of more than a thousand years. About 30 kilometers southwest of it, is the ancient capital of Memphis. On the open flat ground, amidst the greenery, there is a small courtyard. This is the Memphis Museum, which contains a giant stone statue of Pharaoh Ramsey II, with a long history. In the courtyard, there is a sphinx, intact, it is a place for people to linger and take pictures.

Cairo is located in the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. People of all skin colors can be seen walking on the streets. The locals have long robes and sleeves, just like ancient style. In some neighborhoods, you can occasionally see village girls riding donkeys grazing. This may be the epitome of old Cairo or the remnants of ancient Cairo, but it is innocuous. The wheels of history still carry this famous city on a more modern road.

Aswan

Aswan is an important city in southern Egypt, the capital of Aswan Province, and a famous winter tourist attraction. Located on the east bank of the Nile River 900 kilometers south of the capital Cairo, it is the southern gate of Egypt. The downtown area of ​​Aswan is small, and the surging northward Nile water adds a lot of scenery to it. In ancient times, there were post stations and barracks, and it was also an important trading station with southern neighbors. Existing industries such as textile, sugar making, chemistry and leather making. It is dry and mild in winter and is a good place for recuperation and browsing.

There are museums and botanical gardens in the city. The Aswan Dam built on the Nile River nearby is one of the seven largest dams in the world. It crosses the Nile River, the high gorge exits the Pinghu Lake, and the high dam memorial tower stands on the bank of the river. The ring-shaped arch bridge dam looks like a long rainbow across the Nile River. The main body of the high dam is 3,600 meters long and 110 meters high. Construction started in 1960 with the assistance of the Soviet Union and completed in 1971. It took more than 10 years and cost about 1 billion US dollars. It used 43 million cubic meters of building materials, which is 17 times that of the Great Pyramid. It is an integrated irrigation, shipping, and power generation. Use engineering. There are 6 drainage tunnels in the high dam, each with two water outlets, each equipped with a hydraulic generator set, 13 units in total, the output voltage is boosted to 500,000 volts for electricity consumption in Cairo and the Nile Delta. The high dam has controlled flooding and fundamentally eliminated flooding and drought. It not only guaranteed water for farmland in the lower reaches of the Nile, but also changed the crops in Upper Egypt’s Nile Valley from one season to two or three seasons a year. After the completion of the high dam, an artificial lake surrounded by mountains-Aswan Reservoir was formed in the south of the high dam. The lake is more than 500 kilometers long with an average width of 12 kilometers and an area of ​​6,500 square kilometers. It is the second largest man-made lake in the world. Its depth (210 meters) and water storage capacity (182 billion cubic meters) rank first in the world.