Russia ili ndi malo opitilira makilomita 17.0754 miliyoni ndipo ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ili kum'mawa kwa Europe ndi kumpoto kwa Asia, kumalire ndi Pacific Ocean kum'mawa, Gulf of Finland ku Nyanja ya Baltic kumadzulo, ndikuyenda ku Eurasia. Madera oyandikana nawo ndi Norway ndi Finland kumpoto chakumadzulo, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, ndi Belarus kumadzulo, Ukraine kumwera chakumadzulo, Georgia, Azerbaijan, ndi Kazakhstan kumwera, China, Mongolia ndi North Korea kumwera chakum'mawa, ndi Japan kum'mawa. Pamphepete mwa nyanja kuchokera ku United States, gombe ndi 33,807 km kutalika. Madera ambiri ali kumpoto kotentha, komwe kumakhala nyengo zosiyanasiyana, makamaka makontinenti.

Russia, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Russian Federation, ili kumpoto kwa Eurasia, ikudutsa malo ambiri akum'mawa kwa Europe ndi North Asia, omwe ndi ambiri Ndi makilomita 9,000 kutalika, makilomita 4,000 m'lifupi kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera, ndipo chimakwirira malo okwana 17.0754 miliyoni ma kilomita (kuwerengera 76% ya gawo lakale la Soviet Union). Ndilo dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe limapanga 11.4% ya malo onse padziko lapansi, okhala ndi gombe lamakilomita 34,000. Ambiri mwa Russia ali kumpoto kotentha, komwe kumakhala nyengo zosiyanasiyana, makamaka kontinenti. Kusiyana kwa kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, ndikutentha kwapakati mu Januware kuyambira -1 ° C mpaka -37 ° C, komanso kutentha kwapakati pa Julayi kuyambira 11 ° C mpaka 27 ° C.

Russia tsopano ili ndi mabungwe 88, kuphatikiza ma republic a 21, zigawo zamalire 7, zigawo 48, maboma awiri aboma, chigawo chimodzi chodziyimira palokha, 9 Madera odziyimira pawokha.

Makolo a anthu a ku Russia ndi fuko la Russia la Asilavo a Kum'maŵa. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 15 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16, ndi Grand Duchy waku Moscow ngati likulu, pang'onopang'ono adakhazikitsa dziko lokonda zamitundu yambiri. Mu 1547, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) adasintha mutu wa Grand Duke kukhala Tsar. Mu 1721, Peter I (Peter Wamkulu) adasintha dzina ladzikolo kukhala Ufumu wa Russia. Serfdom adathetsedwa mu 1861. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, idakhala dziko lankhanza lankhanza. Mu February 1917, bourgeois Revolution idalanda boma lodziyimira pawokha. Pa Novembala 7, 1917 (Okutobala 25 mu kalendala yaku Russia), October Socialist Revolution idakhazikitsa boma loyamba lazachisangalalo padziko lonse lapansi - Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. Pa Disembala 30, 1922, Russian Federation, Transcaucasian Federation, Ukraine, ndi Belarus adakhazikitsa Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (pambuyo pake idakulitsidwa mpaka ma republic 15 mamembala). Pa Juni 12, 1990, a Supreme Soviet a Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic adatulutsa "State Declaration Declaration", kulengeza kuti Russian Federation "ili ndi ulamuliro wonse" m'derali. Mu Ogasiti 1991, zomwe "8.19" zidachitika ku Soviet Union. Pa Seputembara 6, State Council of the Soviet Union idapereka chigamulo chovomereza ufulu wa mayiko atatu a Estonia, Latvia, ndi Lithuania. Pa Disembala 8, atsogoleri a mayiko atatu a Russian Federation, Belarus, ndi Ukraine adasaina Pangano la Commonwealth of Independent States pa Belovy Day ndipo adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Commonwealth of Independent States. Pa Disembala 21, mayiko 11 a Soviet Union, kupatula mayiko atatu a Poland ndi Georgia, adasaina "Almaty Declaration" komanso "Protocol of the Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement." Pa Disembala 26, Nyumba ya Supreme Soviet Republic of the Soviet Union idachita msonkhano wawo womaliza ndipo yalengeza kuti Soviet Union yatha. Pakadali pano, Soviet Union idasokonekera, ndipo Russian Federation idakhala dziko lodziyimira palokha ndikukhala woloŵa m'malo okha wa Soviet Union.

Mbendera yadziko: kachetechete wopingasa wokhala ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwake m'lifupi mwa 3: 2. Pamwamba pa mbendera pamalumikizidwa ndi ma rectangles atatu ofanana ndi ofanana, omwe ndi oyera, abuluu, komanso ofiira kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi. Russia ili ndi gawo lalikulu. Dzikoli limadutsa magawo atatu azigawo, malo ozizira kwambiri komanso malo otentha, olumikizidwa mozungulira ndimitundu itatu yopingasa, yomwe ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a Russia. White imayimira matalala achilengedwe am'madera ozizira kwambiri chaka chonse; buluu imayimira nyengo yozizira kwambiri, komanso ikuyimira madera ochulukirapo apansi panthaka ku Russia, nkhalango, mphamvu zamadzi ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe; Kufiyira ndi chizindikiro cha malo ozizira komanso kumayimira mbiri yayitali yaku Russia Chopereka chachitukuko cha anthu. Mbendera zoyera, zamtambo, ndi zofiira zimachokera ku mbendera zofiira, zoyera, ndi zamtambo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muulamuliro wa Peter Wamkulu mu 1697. Mitundu yofiira, yoyera, komanso yamtambo imatchedwa mitundu ya Pan-Slavic. Pambuyo pakupambana kwa Revolution ya Okutobala mu 1917, mbendera ya tricolor idathetsedwa. Mu 1920, boma la Soviet Union lidatengera mbendera yatsopano yadziko yopangidwa ndi ofiira ndi amtambo, wokhala ndi mzere wobiriwira kumanzere kumanzere ndi nyenyezi ya nsonga zisanu ndikudutsa nyundo ndi zikwakwa pa mbendera yofiira kumanja. Pambuyo pa mbendera iyi pali mbendera ya Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Union of Soviet Socialist Republics mu 1922, mbendera yadziko idasinthidwa kukhala mbendera yofiira yokhala ndi nyenyezi yagolide yosongoka zisanu, chikwakwa ndi nyundo pakona yakumanzere yakumanzere. Soviet Union itagawanika mu 1991, dziko la Russia Soviet Federal Social Republic linasinthidwa dzina loti Russian Federation, ndipo mbendera yoyera, ya buluu, ndi yofiira idasinthidwa kukhala mbendera yadziko.

Russia ili ndi anthu 142.7 miliyoni, akupezeka pachisanu ndi chiwiri padziko lapansi, ndi mafuko opitilira 180, omwe 79.8% ndi aku Russia. Mitundu yaying'ono yayikulu ndi Chitata, Chiyukireniya, Bashkir, Chuvash, Chechnya, Armenia, Moldova, Belarus, Kazakh, Udmurtia, Azerbaijani, Mali ndi Germany. Chirasha ndicho chilankhulo chovomerezeka m'chigawo chonse cha Russian Federation, ndipo dziko lililonse lili ndi ufulu wofotokozera chilankhulo chake ndikugwiritsa ntchito limodzi ndi Chirasha kudera la Republic. Chipembedzo chachikulu ndi Eastern Orthodox, chotsatira Chisilamu. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center mzaka zaposachedwa, 50% -53% ya anthu aku Russia amakhulupirira Tchalitchi cha Orthodox, 10% amakhulupirira Chisilamu, 1% amakhulupirira Chikatolika ndi Chiyuda, 0.8% amakhulupirira Chibuda.

Russia ndi yayikulu komanso yolemera, ndipo gawo lake lalikulu limapatsa Russia chuma chambiri. Dera lomwe limaphimba nkhalango ndi mahekitala 867 miliyoni, kuwerengera 51% yamalo mdziko muno, ndipo matabwa ake ndi ma cubic metre 80.7 biliyoni; malo ake osungira gasi achilengedwe ndi 48 trillion cubic metres, omwe amawerengera zoposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nkhokwe zotsimikizika padziko lapansi. Woyamba kukhala padziko lapansi; mafuta osungidwa amatani a 6.5 biliyoni, kuwerengera 12% mpaka 13% yazosungidwa padziko lapansi; nkhokwe zamakala zamatani 200 biliyoni, kukhala wachiwiri padziko lapansi; chitsulo, aluminium, uranium, golide, ndi zina zambiri. Zosungidwazo ndizomwe zili zabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zinthu zambiri zimathandizira kwambiri chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi zaulimi ku Russia. Russia ili ndi maziko olimba a mafakitale ndi madipatimenti athunthu, makamaka makina, zitsulo, zitsulo, mafuta, gasi, malasha, nkhalango ndi mafakitale. Russia ikuyang'anitsitsa zaulimi ndi ziweto mofanana.Zomera zazikulu ndi tirigu, balere, phala, chimanga, mpunga ndi nyemba.Kuweta ziweto makamaka kuli ng'ombe, nkhosa ndi nkhumba. Soviet Union inali m'gulu lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi chuma chotukuka.Komabe, Soviet Union itatha, mphamvu zachuma zaku Russia zakhala zikuchepa kwambiri ndipo zapezanso bwino m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mu 2006, GDP yaku Russia inali $ 732.892 biliyoni yaku US, yomwe ili pa 13 padziko lapansi, pamtengo wokwana madola 5129 aku US.

Likulu la Russia ku Moscow lakhala ndi mbiri yakale.Pali nyumba zodziwika bwino monga Kremlin, Red Square ndi Winter Palace mumzindawu. Moscow Metro ndi imodzi mwanjira zapansi panthaka zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Nthawi zonse amadziwika kuti ndi njanji yapansi panthaka yokongola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ili ndi mbiri yoti "nyumba yachifumu yachifumu yapansi panthaka". Masitaelo amangidwe a masiteshoni apansi panthaka ndi osiyana, okongola komanso okongola. Masiteshoni aliwonse adapangidwa ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wapanyumba.Pali mitundu yambiri yamiyala, ndipo miyala ya mabo, ma mosaic, ma granite, ma keramiki ndi magalasi amitundu yambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kukongoletsa zojambula zazikulu ndi zojambula zosiyanasiyana ndi masitayilo osiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo, limodzi ndi zokongoletsa zapadera zosiyanasiyana, zili ngati nyumba yachifumu yokongola, yomwe imapangitsa anthu kumva ngati kuti sali pansi ayi. Zina mwa ntchito zake ndizodabwitsa komanso zimachedwa.

Mizinda ikulu

Moscow: likulu la Russia, umodzi mwamizinda yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndi Malo andale zachuma, zachuma, zasayansi, zachikhalidwe komanso mayendedwe ku Russia. Moscow ili pakati pa Chigwa cha Russia, pamtsinje wa Moskva, kuwoloka Mtsinje wa Moskva ndi mitsinje yake Yauza. Greater Moscow (kuphatikiza dera lomwe lili mumsewu waming'oma) imakhudza dera lalikulu ma 900 kilomita, kuphatikiza lamba wobiriwira wakunja, wokwana ma 1,725 ​​ma kilomita.

Moscow ndi mzinda wokhala ndi mbiri yakalekale komanso miyambo yayitali.Inamangidwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 12. Dzinalo la mzinda wa Moscow limachokera ku Mtsinje wa Moskva.Pali zonena zitatu zokhudza etymology ya Mtsinje wa Moskva: Low Wetland (Slavic), Niudukou (Finnish-Ugric), ndi Jungle (Kabarda). Mzinda wa Moscow udawonedwa koyamba m'mbiri ngati kukhazikika mu 1147 AD. Unakhala likulu la ukulu wa Moscow koyambirira kwa zaka za 13th. M'zaka za zana la 14, anthu aku Russia adakhazikika ku Moscow ndipo adasonkhanitsa magulu awo oyandikana nawo kuti amenyane ndi ulamuliro wa akuluakulu achi Mongolia, ndikuphatikizira Russia ndikukhazikitsa boma lokhazikika.

Moscow ndi dziko la sayansi, ukadaulo komanso chikhalidwe, lomwe lili ndi malo ambiri ophunzitsira, kuphatikiza masukulu 1433 apamwamba komanso masukulu apamwamba a 84. Yunivesite yotchuka kwambiri ndi Lomonosov Moscow State University (ophunzira oposa 26,000). Laibulale ya Lenin ndi laibulale yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe ili ndi mabuku 35.7 miliyoni (1995). Muli zisudzo 121 mumzinda. National Grand Theatre, Moscow Art Theatre, National Central Puppet Theatre, Moscow State Circus, ndi Russian State Symphony Orchestra amasangalala ndi mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Moscow ndi likulu lalikulu kwambiri lazamalonda ku Commonwealth of Independent States .maofesi akuluakulu azachuma komanso azachuma ku Russia onse ali pano. Ili ndi likulu la mabanki adziko lonse, mabungwe a inshuwaransi, ndi masitolo akuluakulu a 66. Mwa malo ogulitsira, "Children's World", Central department Store ndi National department Store ndi omwe ndi akulu kwambiri.

Moscow ndi mzinda wosaiwalika, womwe umakhala pa Kremlin ndi Red Square, womwe umawonekera bwino. Kremlin ndiye nyumba yachifumu yotsatizana ya Russia. Ndi yokongola komanso yotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Kum'mawa kwa Kremlin kuli likulu la zikondwerero zadziko ─ ─ Red Square. Pali Manda a Lenin ku Red Square ndi Pokrovsky Church (1554-1560) kumapeto chakumwera. .

St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg ndi mzinda wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri ku Russia, pambuyo pa Moscow, ndipo ndi amodzi mwamalo oyendetsa mafakitale, ukadaulo, zikhalidwe, komanso madzi komanso mayendedwe apamtunda ku Russia. Petersburg Fortress yomangidwa mu 1703 inali choyimira cha mzindawo, ndipo meya woyamba anali Duke wa Menshkov. Nyumba yachifumuyo idasamuka ku Moscow kupita ku St. Petersburg mu 1711, ndipo mu 1712 St. Petersburg idatsimikiziridwa kukhala likulu la Russia. Mu Marichi 1918 Lenin adasamutsa boma la Soviet kuchoka ku Petrograd kupita ku Moscow.

Mzinda wa St. Madoko akumayiko 70 amathanso kubweretsa madera akuluakulu mkati mwa madzi; St. Petersburg ndi eyapoti yofunikira yapadziko lonse lapansi, yokhala ndi mizinda yopitilira 200 yakumidzi komanso mayiko opitilira 20.

Mzinda wa St. Pali makoleji ndi mayunivesite 42 mumzindawu (kuphatikiza University of St.