Ukubuka konke

I-Russia, eyaziwa nangokuthi iRussian Federation, isenyakatho ne-Eurasia, inqamula indawo enkulu eMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Asia, okuyiyona Ingamakhilomitha angama-9,000 ubude, amakhilomitha angama-4,000 ububanzi ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, futhi ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyi-17.0754 (i-76% yensimu yezwe elaliyiSoviet Union) .Yizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, elibala u-11.4% wendawo isiyonke yomhlaba, enogu lwamakhilomitha angama-34,000. Iningi laseRussia lisendaweni esenyakatho ebandayo, enesimo sezulu esihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ezwekazini. Umehluko wamazinga okushisa uvame ukuba mkhulu, ngethempelesha emaphakathi ngoJanuwari kusuka ku -1 ° C kuya ku -37 ° C, kanye namazinga okushisa ajwayelekile ngoJulayi kusuka ku-11 ° C kuya ku-27 ° C.

I-Russia manje seyakhiwe izinhlangano zombuso ezingama-88, kufaka phakathi ama-republic angama-21, izifunda eziyi-7 zemingcele, izifunda ezingama-48, omasipala abambisene aba-2, isifunda esisodwa esizimele, i-9 Izifunda ezizimele zobuzwe.

Okhokho baseRussia yisizwe saseRussia samaSlav aseMpumalanga. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, neGrand Duchy yaseMoscow njengesikhungo, kancane kancane kwakheka izwe elinobuhlanga obuningi. Ngo-1547, u-Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) washintsha isihloko seGrand Duke saba yiTsar. Ngo-1721, uPeter I (Peter the Great) washintsha igama lakhe waba uMbuso WaseRussia. USerfdom waqedwa ngo-1861. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, laba yizwe lamakhosi ombuso wamakhosi. NgoFebhuwari 1917, inguquko yonxiwankulu yachitha uhlelo lwenkululeko. NgoNovemba 7, 1917 (Okthoba 25 ekhalendeni laseRussia), i-October Socialist Revolution yasungula amandla ombuso wokuqala wobusoshiyali-iRussia Russian Federal Socialist Republic. NgoDisemba 30, 1922, iRussian Federation, iTranscaucasian Federation, i-Ukraine neBelarus basungula i-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (kamuva yandiswa yaba ngama-republic angama-15). NgoJuni 12, 1990, iSupreme Soviet yaseRussia Soviet Federal Socialist Republic yakhipha "iSimemezelo Sobukhosi Sombuso", imemezela ukuthi iRussia Federation "inobukhosi obuphelele" endaweni yayo. Ngo-Agasti 1991, isigameko se- "8.19" senzeka eSoviet Union. Ngo-Septhemba 6, uMkhandlu Wombuso weSoviet Union waphasisa isinqumo esasivuma ukuzimela kwamariphabhuliki amathathu ase-Estonia, eLatvia naseLithuania. NgoDisemba 8, abaholi bamariphabhulikhi amathathu eRussia Federation, iBelarus ne-Ukraine basayina iSivumelwano seCommonwealth of Independent States ngoSuku lweBelovy, bememezela ukwakhiwa kweCommonwealth of Independent States. NgoDisemba 21, ama-republic angama-11 eSoviet Union, ngaphandle kwamazwe amathathu ePoland naseGeorgia, asayina iSimemezelo i-Almaty Declaration kanye neCommonwealth of Independent States Protocol. NgoDisemba 26, iNdlu yeSupreme Soviet Republic of the Soviet Union yabamba umhlangano wayo wokugcina futhi yamemezela ukuthi iSoviet Union ayisekho. Kuze kube manje, iSoviet Union yahlakazeka, futhi iRussia Federation yaba izwe elizimele ngokuphelele futhi yaba ukuphela komuntu owalandela iSoviet Union.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: unxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obucishe bube ngu-3: 2. Ubuso befulegi buxhunywe ngamaxande amathathu ahambisanayo futhi alinganayo, amhlophe, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi abomvu ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi. I-Russia inendawo enkulu kakhulu.Izwe linqamula izindawo ezintathu zezulu ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo, indawo engaphansi komhlaba kanye nendawo epholile, exhunywe ngokufana nonxande abanemibala emithathu evundlile, okukhombisa lesi sici sendawo yaseRussia. I-White imele indawo yemvelo yeqhwa yendawo ebandayo unyaka wonke; okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubonisa indawo yesimo sezulu ebanda kakhulu, kodwa futhi kufanekisela amadiphozi aseRussia acebile angaphansi komhlaba, amahlathi, amandla wamanzi kanye nezinye izinsiza zemvelo; okubomvu uphawu lwendawo epholile, futhi kufanekisela nomlando omude waseRussia. Umnikelo wempucuko yabantu. Amafulegi amhlophe, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu avela emafulethini abomvu, amhlophe, naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaPeter Omkhulu ngo-1697. Imibala ebomvu, emhlophe noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibizwa ngemibala yePan-Slavic. Ngemuva kokunqoba kweRevolution Revolution ngo-1917, ifulegi le-tricolor lakhanselwa. Ngo-1920, uhulumeni waseSoviet wamukela ifulegi lesizwe elisha eliqukethe okubomvu nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngomugqa oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oqonde mpo kwesobunxele nenkanyezi enamaphoyinti amahlanu futhi wawela izando namarhengi kufulegi elibomvu ngakwesokudla. Ngemuva kwaleli fulegi ifulegi leRussian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. Ngemuva kokusungulwa kwe-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ngo-1922, ifulegi likazwelonke laguqulwa laba ifulegi elibomvu ngenkanyezi egolide ekhonjiwe emihlanu, isikela nesando ekhoneni elingenhla kwesobunxele. Ngemuva kokuhlakazeka kweSoviet Union ngo-1991, iRussia Russian Federal Socialist Republic yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iRussia Federation, kwathi ifulegi elimhlophe, eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nelibomvu lamukelwa njengefulegi lesizwe.

I-Russia inabantu abayizigidi eziyi-142.7, abakleliswe endaweni yesi-7 emhlabeni, benamaqembu ezizwe angaphezu kuka-180, angama-79.8% awo kungabaseRussia. Izinhlanga ezincane eziyinhloko yiTatar, Ukraine, Bashkir, Chuvash, Chechnya, Armenia, Moldova, Belarus, Kazakh, Udmurtia, Azerbaijani, Mali kanye neJalimane. IsiRashiya yilona limi olusemthethweni kuyo yonke insimu yeRussian Federation, futhi i-republic ngayinye inelungelo lokuchaza ulimi lwayo lukazwelonke futhi ilusebenzise kanye neRussia ngaphakathi kwendawo ye-republic. Inkolo eyinhloko i-Eastern Orthodox, ilandelwa yi-Islam. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo ye-All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-50% -53% abantu baseRussia bakholelwa eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox, abayi-10% bakholelwa kubu-Islam, u-1% bakholelwa ebuKristwini nasebuJudeni, kanti u-0.8% bakholelwa kubuBuddha.

I-Russia inkulu futhi icebile ngezinsizakusebenza, futhi indawo enkulu inika iRussia inqwaba yemithombo yemvelo. Indawo yayo embozwa ngamahlathi ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-867, ebala ama-51% omhlaba wezwe, kanti isitokisi saso sokhuni singama-cubic metres ayi-80.7 billion; imithombo yayo eqinisekisiwe yegesi yemvelo ingama-cubic metres angama-trillion angama-48, okubalwa ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yemithombo egciniwe efakazelwe emhlabeni. Kubekwe kuqala emhlabeni; izinqolobane zikawoyela eziqinisekisiwe zamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-6.5, zibala u-12% kuye ku-13% wemithombo eqinisekisiwe yomhlaba; izinqolobane zamalahle zamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200, zikleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni; i-iron, i-aluminium, i-uranium, igolide, njll. Izinqolobane futhi ziphakathi kwezihamba phambili emhlabeni. Izinsizakusebenza eziningi zinikeza ukusekelwa okuqinile kwentuthuko yezimboni nezolimo zaseRussia. I-Russia inesisekelo esiqinile sezimboni neminyango ephelele, ikakhulukazi imishini, insimbi, insimbi, uphethiloli, igesi yemvelo, amalahle, imboni yehlathi nemboni yamakhemikhali. I-Russia inaka ngokulinganayo ezolimo nokufuya.Izilimo ezinkulu ukolweni, ibhali, i-oats, ummbila, irayisi nobhontshisi.Ukufuya izilwane ikakhulukazi izinkomo, izimvu nezingulube. ISoviet Union ibikade ingenye yamazwe amabili amakhulu, enomnotho othuthukile.Nokho, ngemuva kokuhlakazeka kweSoviet Union, amandla ezomnotho waseRussia abhekane nokwehla okukhulu, futhi aseluleme eminyakeni edlule. Ngo-2006, i-GDP yaseRussia yayingamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-732.892 aseMelika, asezingeni le-13 emhlabeni, ngenani lomuntu ngamunye lamadola ase-US ayi-5,129.

Inhlokodolobha yaseRussia iMoscow inomlando omude uma kuqhathaniswa.Kunezakhiwo ezidumile njengeKremlin, Red Square, neWinter Palace edolobheni. IMetro Metro ingenye yezitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.Bihlala yaziwa njengomgwaqo ongaphansi komhlaba omuhle kunayo yonke emhlabeni futhi ijabulela idumela lokuthi "isigodlo sobuciko esingaphansi komhlaba". Izitayela zokwakha zeziteshi ezingaphansi komhlaba zihlukile, zinhle futhi zinhle. Isiteshi ngasinye sakhiwe ngumdwebi wasekhaya owaziwayo.Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemabula, nemabula, i-mosaic, i-granite, i-ceramics nengilazi enemibala eminingi isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlobisa imidwebo emikhulu yezithombe ezibunjiwe kanye nezitobhisi ezahlukahlukene ngezitayela zobuciko ezahlukahlukene. Izithombe ezibunjiwe, ezihambisana nemihlobiso ehlukahlukene yokukhanyisa eyingqayizivele, zifana nesigodlo esihle kakhulu, esenza abantu bazizwe sengathi abekho nhlobo emhlabathini. Eminye yemisebenzi iyamangalisa futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.

Amadolobha amakhulu

IMoscow: inhlokodolobha yaseRussia, elinye lamadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni, kanye Isikhungo saseRussia sezombusazwe, ezomnotho, isayensi, ezamasiko nezokuthutha. IMoscow isenkabeni neThafa laseRussia, eMfuleni iMoskva, ngaphesheya koMfula iMoskva nemifula yawo iYauza. IGreater Moscow (kufaka phakathi indawo esemgwaqeni) ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-900, kufaka phakathi ibhande eliluhlaza elingaphandle, elihlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1,725.

IMoscow yidolobha elinomlando omude namasiko akhazimulayo. Lakhiwa maphakathi nekhulu le-12. Igama ledolobha laseMoscow livela eMfuleni iMoskva.Kunezisho ezintathu mayelana ne-etymology yoMfula iMoskva: iLet Wetland (iSlavic), iNiudukou (isiFinnish-Ugric), neJungle (Kabarda). Idolobha laseMoscow laqala ukubonwa emlandweni njengendawo yokuhlala ngo-1147 AD. Yaba yinhloko-dolobha ye-Principality of Moscow ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13. Ngekhulu le-14, abaseRussia babegxile eMoscow futhi bahlanganisa amabutho abo azungezile ukuze balwe nokubusa kwezicukuthwane zaseMongolia, ngaleyo ndlela bahlanganisa iRussia futhi basungula izwe elaliphakathi kombuso.

IMoscow iyisikhungo sikazwelonke sezobuchwepheshe namasiko esinezikhungo eziningi zemfundo, kufaka phakathi izikole zemfundo ezijwayelekile eziyi-1433 nezikole zemfundo ephakeme ezingama-84. Iyunivesithi edume kakhulu yiLomonosov Moscow State University (ngaphezu kwabafundi abangama-26,000). ILenin Library ingumtapo wolwazi wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, oneqoqo lezincwadi eziyizigidi ezingama-35.7 (1995). Kunezinkundla zemidlalo engu-121 edolobheni. INational Grand Theatre, iMoscow Art Theatre, iNational Central Puppet Theatre, iMoscow State Circus, kanye neRussia State Symphony Orchestra bajabulela idumela lomhlaba.

IMoscow futhi iyisikhungo sezentengiselwano esikhulu kunazo zonke seCommonwealth of Independent States. Amahhovisi amakhulu eRussia nezezimali atholakala lapha. Inekomkhulu lamabhange kazwelonke, izikhungo zemishwalense, nezitolo ezinkulu ezingama-66. Phakathi kwezitolo ezinkulu, i "Children's World", iCentral Department Store kanye ne-National Department Store yizona ezinkulu kakhulu.

IMoscow yidolobha elinomlando, eligxile eKremlin neRed Square ehleleke kahle, ekhazimulisa indawo ezungezile. I-Kremlin iyisigodlo samakhosi aseRussia alandelanayo. Inobukhosi futhi idume umhlaba wonke. Ngasempumalanga yeKremlin kunesikhungo semikhosi kazwelonke ─ ─ Red Square. Kunethuneni likaLenin eRed Square nasePokrovsky Church (1554-1560) ekugcineni ngaseningizimu. .

ISt.Petersburg: ISt.Petersburg yidolobha lesibili ngobukhulu eRussia, elingelesibili kuphela elaseMoscow, futhi ingesinye sezikhungo zokuhamba ezimbonini, ezobuchwepheshe, ezamasiko nezamanzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke eRussia. IPetersburg Fortress eyakhiwa ngo-1703 kwakuyisibonelo sedolobha, iMeya yokuqala kwakunguDuke waseMenshkov. Isigodlo sisuke eMoscow saya eSt. Petersburg ngo-1711, kwathi ngo-1712 iSt. Petersburg yaqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni njengenhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. NgoMashi 1918 uLenin wasusa uhulumeni waseSoviet ePetrograd wayisa eMoscow.

Idolobha laseSt. Petersburg liyisikhungo esibaluleke kunazo zonke eRussia samanzi nezokuthutha komhlaba, itheku elikhulu laseRussia, nesango elibalulekile lokuxhumeka kwangaphandle. Lingaxhunywa ngqo ku-Atlantic Ocean kusuka eGulf of Finland ngeLwandle iBaltic. Amachweba asemazweni angama-70 nawo angaholela ezindaweni ezinkulu eziphakathi nezwe ngemigwaqo yamanzi; ISt.

Idolobha laseSt. Petersburg liyisikhungo esidumile sesayensi, isiko nobuciko, futhi liyisisekelo esibalulekile sokuqeqesha abasebenzi besayensi nabaphathi bezokukhiqiza. Kunamakholishi namayunivesithi angama-42 kuleli dolobha (kubandakanya iSt. Petersburg University yasungulwa ngo-1819). ISt.Petersburg yaziwa ngokuthi "inhloko-dolobha yamasiko". Kunezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini eziyi-14 kanye neminyuziyamu engama-47 edolobheni (IHermitage Museum kanye neRussian Museum zidume umhlaba wonke).