Russia inovhara nzvimbo inopfuura mamirioni 17.0754 emakiromita uye ndiyo nyika hombe pasi rose.Iyo iri kumabvazuva kweEurope nekuchamhembe kweAsia, ichiganhurana nePacific Ocean kumabvazuva, Gulf yeFinland muGungwa reBaltic kumadokero, uye ichikomberedza Eurasia. Nyika dzakavakidzana iNorway neFinland kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, neBelarus kumadokero, Ukraine kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, Georgia, Azerbaijan, neKazakhstan kumaodzanyemba, China, Mongolia neNorth Korea kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, uye Japan kumabvazuva. Mhiri kwegungwa kubva kuUnited States, mahombekombe egungwa akareba makiromita 33,807. Nzvimbo zhinji dziri munzvimbo yekuchamhembe kwakadzikama, dzine mamiriro ekunze akasiyana, kunyanya kondinendi.

Russia ikozvino inoumbwa nemasangano makumi masere nemasere, kusanganisira makumi maviri nemaviri emaripabhuriki, matunhu manomwe emuganhu, matunhu makumi mana nemasere, matunhu maviri emubatanidzwa, 1 redunhu rakazvimirira, 9 Ethnic zvionera matunhu.

Madzitateguru evaRussia rudzi rweRussia rwemaEaslav Slavs. Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore gumi neshanu kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu, neGreat Duchy yekuMoscow iri pakati, zvishoma nezvishoma yakaumba nyika ine madzinza mazhinji. Muna 1547, Ivan IV (Ivan anotyisa) akachinja zita reGrand Duke kuti Tsar. Muna 1721, Peter I (Peter Mukuru) akachinja zita rake renyika kuva Humambo hweRussia. Serfdom yakabviswa muna 1861. Kubva kumagumo ezana ramakore rechi19 kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri, yakava nyika yechiuto ine hukasha. Muna Kukadzi 1917, bourgeois Revolution yakaparadza hutongi hwejekerere. Musi waNovember 7, 1917 (Gumiguru 25 pakarenda yeRussia), Gumiguru Socialist Revolution yakagadza nyika yekutanga simba rezvematongerwo enyika-Russian Russian Federal Socialist Republic. Musi waZvita 30, 1922, iyo Russian Federation, Transcaucasian Federation, Ukraine, neBelarus zvakagadza Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (yakazowedzerwa kuva nhengo gumi nenhatu dzenyika). Musi waJune 12, 1990, iyo Supreme Soviet yeRussia Soviet Federal Socialist Republic yakaburitsa "State Changamire Chiziviso", ichizivisa kuti Russian Federation ine "hutongo hwakakwana" mudunhu rayo. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1991, iyo "8.19" chiitiko chakaitika muSoviet Union. Musi waSeptember 6, State Council yeSoviet Union yakapa chisungo chekucherechedza kusununguka kwematongerwo enyika eEstonia, Latvia, neLithuania. Musi waZvita 8, vatungamiriri venyika nhatu dzeRussian Federation, Belarus, neUkraine vakasaina Chibvumirano cheCommonwealth of Independent States paBelovy Day uye vakazivisa kuumbwa kweCommonwealth of Independent States. Musi waZvita 21, nyika gumi nembiri dzeSoviet Union, kunze kwenyika nhatu dzePoland neGeorgia, dzakasaina "Almaty Declaration" uye "Commonwealth of Independent States Protocol. Musi waZvita 26, Imba yeSupreme Soviet Republic yeSoviet Union yakaita musangano wayo wekupedzisira ikazivisa kuti Soviet Union yakaguma kuvapo. Parizvino, Soviet Union yakaparara, uye iyo Russian Federation yakava nyika yakazvimiririra zvachose uye ikava iye chete mutsivi weSoviet Union.

Mureza wenyika: yakatenderera yakatenderera ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hweinenge 3: 2. Iyo mureza pamusoro inosunganidzwa nematatu akaenzana uye akaenzana akatenderera marange, ayo machena, bhuruu, uye akatsvuka kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. Russia ine dunhu rakakura.Nyika inotenderera nharaunda nhatu dzemamiriro ekunze echando, subfrigid zone uye temperate zone, yakabatana yakafanana neatatu-mavara yakatwasuka marange, ayo anoratidza hunhu hwenzvimbo yeRussia. Muchena anomiririra sinou yechisikigo yenzvimbo inotonhorera mukati megore rose; bhuruu inomiririra yakadzika-inotonhora mamiriro emamiriro ekunze, asi zvakare inomiririra hupfumi hwepasi pevhu hwemaminerari, masango, simba remvura uye zvimwe zviwanikwa; tsvuku mucherechedzo wenzvimbo yakadzikama uye zvakare inomiririra nhoroondo refu yeRussia Mupiro wevanhu budiriro. Muchena, bhuruu, uye mutsvuku mireza zvinobva mutsvuku, chena, uye bhuruu mireza yakashandiswa panguva yekutonga kwaPeter Mukuru muna 1697. Iwo mutsvuku, muchena, uye nebhuruu mavara anonzi Pan-Slavic mavara. Mushure mekukunda kweOctober Revolution muna 1917, iyo tricolor mureza yakamiswa. Muna 1920, hurumende yeSoviet yakatora mureza mutsva wenyika unosanganisira mutsvuku uye bhuruu, iine tambo yebhuruu yakatwasuka kuruboshwe uye nyeredzi yakanangana nemashanu ndokuyambuka sando uye mahesera pamureza mutsvuku kurudyi. Mushure memureza uyu mureza weRussia Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. Mushure mekugadzwa kweiyo Union yeSoviet Socialist Republics muna 1922, mureza wenyika wakashandurwa kuva mureza mutsvuku une goridhe yakanangana neshanu nyeredzi, jeko nesando mukona yekumusoro kuruboshwe. Mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union muna 1991, Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic yakapihwa zita rekuti Russian Federation, uye iyo chena, bhuruu, uye tsvuku mureza yakazogamuchirwa semureza wenyika.

Russia ine vanhu vane mamirioni gumi nemana nemakumi manomwe nematanhatu, iri pachinomwe pachinomwe, nemadzinza anopfuura makumi masere nemakumi masere, makumi manomwe neshanu muzana vari maRussia. Iwo makuru emadzinza madiki maTatar, maUkraine, Bhashkir, Chuvash, Chechnya, Armenia, Moldova, Belarus, Kazakh, Udmurtia, Azerbaijani, Mali neGerman. ChiRussian ndiyo mutauro wepamutemo munharaunda yese yeRussian Federation, uye republic yega yega ine mvumo yekutsanangura mutauro wayo wenyika uye kuishandisa pamwe neRussia munharaunda yeRepublic. Chitendero chikuru ndiEastern Orthodox, ichiteverwa neIslam. Zvinoenderana nezvakabuda muongororo yeAll-Russian Veruzhinji Opinion Research Center mumakore achangopfuura, 50% -53% yevanhu veRussia vanotenda muOrthodox Church, 10% vanotenda muIslam, 1% vanotenda muchiKaturike nechiJudha, uye 0,8% vanotenda muBuddha.

Russia yakakura uye yakafuma zviwanikwa, uye nharaunda yayo yakakura inopa Russia zviwanikwa zviwanikwa. Nzvimbo yaro yekufukidza masango ndeye 867 mamirioni mahekita, kuverenga chikamu che51% yenzvimbo yenyika, uye matanda ayo ndeye 80.7 bhiriyoni metres; ayo anochengeterwa gasi chaiwo ane 48 trillion cubic metres, achiverengera inopfuura chetatu yenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzenyika. Chinzvimbo chekutanga pasirese; yakaratidza mafuta matura emabhiriyoni 6.5 matani, achiverengera 12% kusvika 13% yezvivigiro zvepasirese zvepasi rose; matura emarasha emamiriyoni mazana maviri emamiriyoni, achiiswa wechipiri pasirese; iron, aluminium, uranium, goridhe, nezvimwe. Izvo zvinochengeterwa zvakare zviri pakati pezvakanakisa pasirese. Zvakawanda zviwanikwa zvinopa rutsigiro rwakasimba rwekuvandudza kweindasitiri nevekurima kweRussia. Russia ine hwaro hwakasimba hweindasitiri uye madhipatimendi akazara, kunyanya michina, simbi, simbi, peturu, gasi rechisikigo, marasha, indasitiri yemasango uye indasitiri yemakemikari. Russia inotarisisa zvakaenzana pakurima nekuchengetwa kwemhuka.Zvirimwa zvikuru igorosi, bhari, mapfunde, chibage, mupunga nebhinzi.Kuchengetwa kwezvipfuyo kunyanya mombe, hwai nenguruve. Soviet Union yaimbova imwe yemasimba maviri epasirese ane hupfumi hwakasimukira.Zvisinei, mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union, simba rezvehupfumi reRussia rakadzikira zvakanyanya uye rakadzora mumakore apfuura. Muna 2006, GDP yeRussia yaive 732.892 bhiriyoni emadhora ekuUS, iri pachinhanho chegumi nepfumbamwe, iine mutengo wemunhu wemadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu ane makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu emadhora.

Guta guru reRussia reMoscow rine nhoroondo yakareba.Pane zvivakwa zvine mukurumbira zvakaita seKremlin, Red Square, uye Winter Palace muguta. Iyo Metro yeMoscow ndiyo imwe yenyowani dzepasi pevhu pasi rose.Iyo yagara ichizivikanwa senzira yepasi pevhu yakanakisa pasirese uye inonakidzwa nembiri ye "yepasi pevhu art palace". Iyo yekuvaka masitayera ezvitima zvepasi pevhu akasiyana, akanaka uye akanaka. Chiteshi chega chega chakagadzirwa nemugadziri anozivikanwa wepamba.Pane zvakawanda zvemhando dzemabhura, uye machena, mosaic, girenayiti, keramiki uye magirazi ane mavara anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kushongedza zvidimbu zvakakura uye zvakasiyana siyana zvine hunyanzvi hwakasiyana. Zvivezwa, pamwe chete nemhando dzose dzemwenje wakasarudzika, zvakafanana nemuzinda wakanaka, unoita kuti vanhu vanzwe sekuti havasi pasi zvachose.Mamwe emabasa acho anoshamisa uye anoita kuti vanhu vakanganwe kudzoka.

Maguta makuru

Moscow: guta guru reRussia, rimwe remaguta makuru pasi rose, uye Russia yezvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi, zvesainzi, zvetsika uye zvekufambisa nzvimbo. Moscow iri pakati pebani reRussia, paRwizi Moskva, kuyambuka rwizi rweMoskva nenzizi dzayo Yauza Rwizi. Greater Moscow (inosanganisira iyo nzvimbo iri mukati memhete yemugwagwa) inovhara nzvimbo yemazana mazana mapfumbamwe emakiromita, kusanganisira bhanhire rekunze regirini, inokwana 1,725 ​​mativi emakiromita.

Moscow iguta rine nhoroondo refu uye tsika ine mbiri.Yakavakwa pakati pezana ramakore regumi nembiri. Zita reguta reMoscow rinobva kuRwizi rweMoskva.Kune zvirevo zvitatu nezve etymology yeMoskva Rwizi: Low Wetland (Slavic), Niudukou (Finnish-Ugric), uye Jungle (Kabarda). Guta reMoscow rakatanga kuonekwa munhoroondo sekugara muna 1147 AD. Yakava guta guru reMukuru weMoscow pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi13. Muzana ramakore regumi nemana, maRussia vakanangana neMoscow uye vakaunganidza mauto avo akavakomberedza kuti varwisane nehutongi hweMongolian aristocracy, nokudaro vachibatanidza Russia nekumisikidza nyika ine hutongi.

Moscow inyika yesainzi, tekinoroji uye tsika yemagariro, iine zvivakwa zvakawanda zvedzidzo, kusanganisira zvikoro 1433 zvedzidzo zvakajairika uye zvikoro makumi masere nezvina zvepamusoro. Yunivhesiti inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye Lomonosov Moscow State University (vanopfuura vadzidzi ve26,000). Raibhurari yeLenin ndiyo raibhurari yechipiri pakukura pasirese, iine muunganidzwa wemabhuku emamiriyoni makumi manomwe neshanu (1995). Kune gumi nemaviri emitambo muguta. National Grand Theatre, Moscow Art Theatre, National Central Puppet Theatre, Moscow State Circus, uye Russian State Symphony Orchestra vanofarira mukurumbira wepasirese.

Moscow zvakare iri nzvimbo huru yekutengeserana yeCommonwealth yeIndependent States.Mahofisi makuru eRussia ezvokutengeserana uye emari ese ari pano. Iine muzinda wemabhangi emunyika, einishuwarenzi masangano, uye makuru makuru ezvitoro makumi matanhatu nenomwe.Pakati pezvitoro zvemadhipatimendi, "Vana venyika", Central department Chitoro uye National department Chitoro ndiwo makuru.

Moscow iguta rine nhoroondo, rinotarisana neKremlin neRed Square zvakanyatsorongedzwa, zvichitenderedza nharaunda. Iyo Kremlin ndiyo imba yamambo inoteedzana yeRussia tsars.Iye inokudzwa uye inozivikanwa pasi rese.Kumabvazuva kweKremlin kune nzvimbo yemhemberero dzenyika ─ ─ Red Square.Pane Lenin's Tomb muRed Square nePokrovsky Church (1554-1560) kumaodzanyemba kwekumusoro. .

St.Petersburg: St. Petersburg ndiro guta rechipiri pakukura muRussia, mushure meMoscow, uye riri rimwe remasisitimu makuru eRussia, tekinoroji, tsika, uye mvura nenzvimbo dzekufambisa pasi. Iyo Petersburg Fortress yakavakwa muna 1703 yaive prototype yeguta, uye meya wekutanga aive Duke weMenshkov. Imba yamambo yakatama kubva kuMoscow ichienda kuSt. Petersburg muna 1711, uye muna 1712 St. Petersburg yakasimbiswa zviri pamutemo seguta guru reRussia. Muna Kurume 1918 Lenin akatamisa hurumende yeSoviet kubva kuPetrograd kuenda kuMoscow.

Guta reSt.Petersburg ndiro rakakosha kwazvo kuRussia nzvimbo yekutakura mvura nekutakura pasi, chiteshi chengarava chikuru muRussia, uye gedhi rakakosha rekubatana kwekunze.Inogona kuve yakanangana neAtlantic Ocean kubva kuGulf yeFinland kuburikidza neBaltic Sea. Zviteshi zvengarava munyika makumi manomwe zvinogona kusvikawo munzvimbo dzakadzika dzemunyika nenzira dzemvura; St.Petersburg inzvimbo yakakosha yendege, ine anopfuura mazana maviri emaguta epamba uye nyika dzinopfuura makumi maviri dziri kushanda.

Guta reSt. Petersburg inozivikanwa nesainzi, tsika nemagariro, uye musimboti wakakosha wekudzidzisa basa resainzi nevashandi vezvigadzirwa. Kune makumi mana nemasere edzidzo yepamusoro muguta (kusanganisira St Petersburg University yakavambwa muna 1819) .St.Petersburg inozivikanwa se "Cultural Capital". Kune gumi nemana emitambo uye 47 mamuseum mumuguta (Iyo Hermitage Museum uye Russian Museum vanozivikanwa pasi rese).