I-Russia, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiRussian Federation, ibekwe kumantla e-Eurasia, ijikeleze uninzi lomhlaba we-Mpuma Yurophu kunye noMntla Asia. Zizi-9,000 zeekhilomitha ubude, i-4,000 yeekhilomitha ububanzi ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, kwaye igubungela indawo ye-17.0754 yezigidi zeekhilomitha (kubalwa i-76% yommandla owawusakuba yiSoviet Union) .Lelona lizwe likhulu emhlabeni, libala i-11.4% yomhlaba uphela womhlaba, unxweme lweekhilomitha ezingama-34,000. Uninzi lweendawo zaseRashiya zikummandla oshushu wasemantla, kunye nemozulu eyahlukeneyo, ikakhulu ilizwekazi. Umahluko wobushushu ngokubanzi mkhulu, ngamaqondo aphakathi kuJanuwari ukusuka -1 ° C ukuya -37 ° C, kunye neqondo lobushushu eliphakathi ngoJulayi ukusuka kwi-11 ° C ukuya kwi-27 ° C.

I-Russia ngoku inamalungu angama-88, kubandakanya iiriphabliki ezingama-21, imimandla esi-7 yemida, amazwe angama-48, oomasipala aba-2 bomdibaniso, isithili esizimeleyo esi-1, Imimandla ezimeleyo yobuhlanga.

Ookhokho baseRussia sisizwe saseRussia samaSlav aseMpuma. Ukusukela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, kunye neGrand Duchy yaseMoscow njengeziko, ngokuthe ngcembe kwasekwa ilizwe elinobuhlanga. Ngomnyaka we-1547, u-Ivan IV (u-Ivan oyikrakra) watshintsha isihloko seGrand Duke kwiTsar. Ngo-1721, uPeter I (Peter Omkhulu) walitshintsha igama lakhe laba liBukhosi baseRussia. I-Serfdom yachithwa ngo-1861. Ukusukela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, yaba lilizwe lomkhosi wama impiriyali omkhosi. NgoFebruwari 1917, inguquko yoohlohlesakhe yabhukuqa inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Nge-7 kaNovemba ngo-1917 (nge-25 ka-Okthobha kwikhalenda yaseRussia), i-Okthobha yoSoshiyali yaqalisa amandla ombuso wobusoshiyali kwilizwe laseRussia. Nge-30 kaDisemba ngo-1922, iRussian Federation, iTranscaucasian Federation, iUkraine kunye neBelarus zakha i-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (kamva zandiswa zaya kwiiriphabliki ezingama-15). Nge-12 kaJuni ngo-1990, iSoviet Ephakamileyo yaseRashiya yaseRashiya yakhupha "iSibhengezo soBukhosi boMbuso", ibhengeza ukuba iRussian Federation "inolawulo olupheleleyo" kummandla wayo. Ngo-Agasti 1991, isehlo esithi "8.19" senzeka eSoviet Union. NgoSeptemba 6, iBhunga likaRhulumente weSoviet Union lapasisa isigqibo sokuzimela kweeriphabliki ezintathu zase-Estonia, eLatvia naseLithuania. Nge-8 kaDisemba, iinkokheli zeeriphabliki ezintathu zeRussian Federation, iBelarus, neUkraine zatyikitya isiVumelwano kwi-Commonwealth of Independent States ngoSuku lweBelovy kwaye babhengeza ukusekwa kwe-Commonwealth yamazwe aMeleyo. Nge-21 kaDisemba, iiriphabliki ezili-11 zeSoviet Union, ngaphandle kwamazwe amathathu asePoland naseGeorgia, atyikitya "Isibhengezo seAlmaty" kunye ne "Protocol yoManyano lwaMazwe oluZimeleyo." Nge-26 kaDisemba, iNdlu yeRiphabhlikhi yaseSoviet Union yabamba intlanganiso yayo yokugqibela kwaye yabhengeza ukuba iSoviet Union ayisekho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iSoviet Union yahlakazeka, kwaye iRussian Federation yaba lilizwe elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye yaba lilandela yedwa kwiSoviet Union.

Iflegi yesizwe: uxande oxwesileyo kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi obumalunga ne-3: 2. Umphezulu weflegi uqhagamshelwe ngoxande abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo, abemhlophe, luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nabomvu ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi. I-Russia inommandla omkhulu, kwaye ummandla wayo uquka imimandla emithathu yemozulu ebandayo, indawo engaphantsi komhlaba kunye neendawo ezipholileyo, ezidityaniswe ngokuhambelana nemibala emi-3 engxande, ebonisa olu phawu lwendawo yaseRussia. I-White imele ikhephu lendalo yommandla obandayo unyaka wonke; luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ubonakalisa ummandla obandayo wemozulu, kodwa ikwaluphawu lobutyebi bezimbiwa zangaphantsi zaseRussia, amahlathi, amandla wamanzi kunye nezinye izibonelelo zendalo; bomvu luphawu lommandla ofudumeleyo kwaye luphawu lwembali ende yase Russia Igalelo lempucuko yoluntu. Imhlophe, luhlaza, kunye nobomvu iiflegi zithathwe kwiflegi ebomvu, emhlophe, naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyasetyenziswa ngexesha lolawulo lukaPeter the Great ngo-1697. Imibala ebomvu, emhlophe, naluhlaza ibizwa ngokuba yimibala yePan-Slavic. Emva kokuphumelela kwe-Okthobha ngo-1917, iflegi ye-tricolor yarhoxiswa. Ngo-1920, urhulumente waseSoviet wamkela iflegi entsha yelizwe enebomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunye nomgca ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngakwesobunxele, kunye neflegi ebomvu eneenkwenkwezi ezintlanu kwaye yawela izando kunye neerhengi ngakwesokudla. Emva kwale flegi yiflegi yeRussian Soviet Federal Social Republic. Emva kokusekwa kwe-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ngo-1922, iflegi yesizwe yahlengahlengiswa kwiflegi ebomvu enenkwenkwezi egolide eboniswe ezintlanu, irhengqa kunye nesando kwikona ephezulu ngasekhohlo. Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991, iRussian Soviet Federal Social Republic yathiywa igama kwathiwa yiRussian Federation, yaza ke iflegi emhlophe, luhlaza, nobomvu yamkelwa njengeflegi yesizwe.

I-Russia inabemi abazizigidi ezili-142.7, ikwindawo yesi-7 emhlabeni, ingaphezulu kwama-180 amaqela ezizwe, angama-79.8% engabantu baseRussia. Ezona zizwe ziphambili zisiTatar, isiUkraine, iBashkir, iChuvash, iChechnya, iArmenia, iMoldova, iBelarus, iKazakh, iU Udmurtia, iAzerbaijani, iMali kunye neJamani. IsiRashiya lulwimi olusemthethweni kuwo wonke ummandla weRussian Federation, kwaye iRiphabhlikhi nganye inelungelo lokuchaza ulwimi lwayo lwesizwe kunye nokuyisebenzisa kunye neRussia ngaphakathi kommandla weriphabhlikhi. Inkolo ephambili yi-Orthodox yaseMpuma, ilandelwa yi-Islam. Ngokweziphumo zophando ze-All-Russian Public Opinion Research Centre kule minyaka idlulileyo, i-50% -53% yabantu baseRussia bakholelwa kwi-Orthodox Church, i-10% bakholelwa kwi-Islam, i-1% bakholelwa kubuKatolika nakubuJuda, kwaye i-0.8% bakholelwa kwi-Buddhism.

I-Russia inkulu kwaye ityebile ngezixhobo, kwaye umhlaba wayo omkhulu unika iRussia ubuninzi bendalo. Indawo egubungela amahlathi ziihektare ezingama-867 ezigidi, i-51% yendawo yomhlaba, kwaye isitokhwe sayo somthi siyi-80.7 yezigidigidi zeekyubhiki; ugcino lwayo lwegesi yendalo zii-cubic metres ezingama-48, ukubala ngaphezulu kwesinye kwisithathu seendawo ezigciniweyo eziqinisekisiweyo. Kubekwe kuqala emhlabeni; ugcino lweoyile oluqinisekisiweyo lweetoni eziyibhiliyoni eziyi-6.5, ukubalwa kwe-12% ukuya kwi-13% yoovimba behlabathi abaqinisekisiweyo; oovimba bamalahle eetoni ezingama-200 ezigidi, abekwa kwindawo yesibini emhlabeni; i-iron, i-aluminium, i-uranium, igolide, njl. Oovimba nabo bakwezona ndawo zibalaseleyo emhlabeni. Izibonelelo ezininzi zibonelela ngenkxaso eqinileyo kuphuhliso lwamashishini nezolimo lwaseRussia. IRashiya inesiseko esomeleleyo seshishini kunye namasebe agqibeleleyo, ngakumbi oomatshini, isinyithi, isinyithi, ipetroleum, igesi yendalo, amalahle, ishishini lehlathi kunye nomzi mveliso weekhemikhali. IRashiya ihoya ngokulinganayo ezolimo kunye nokufuya izilwanyana.Izona zivuno ziphambili yingqolowa, irhasi, ihabile, umbona, irayisi kunye neembotyi.Ukufuya izilwanyana ikakhulu kukufuya iinkomo, iigusha kunye neehagu. ISoviet Union yayiqhele ukuba ngomnye wamazwe amabini amakhulu anezoqoqosho oluphucukileyo.Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, amandla ezoqoqosho eRashiya afumene ukwehla okunzima kakhulu kwaye uye wachacha kule minyaka idlulileyo. Kwi-2006, i-GDP yase-Russia yayiyi-732.892 yezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika, ikwindawo ye-13 emhlabeni, ngexabiso lomntu ngamnye lama-5129 eedola zaseMelika.

Ikomkhulu laseRussia iMoscow inembali ende, kukho izakhiwo ezaziwayo ezifana neKremlin, iRed Square kunye neWinter Palace esixekweni. IMetro yaseMoscow yenye yezona ndlela zikaloliwe zinkulu ehlabathini.Ihlala igqalwa njengeyona ndlela iphantsi komhlaba entle kwaye inandipha udumo lwe "bhotwe lobugcisa elingaphantsi komhlaba". Izitayile zoyilo lwezitishi zikaloliwe zihlukile, intle kwaye intle. Isikhululo ngasinye siyilelwe ngumzobi owaziwayo wasekhaya.Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemabhile, kunye nemarble, i-mosaic, i-granite, iseramics kunye neglasi enemibala emininzi esetyenziselwa ukuhombisa imizobo emikhulu kunye neziqabu ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, idityaniswe nezinto zokuhombisa ezahlukileyo ezizodwa, ifana nebhotwe elihle, elenza abantu bazive ngathi abasemhlabeni kwaphela. Eminye yemisebenzi iyamangalisa kwaye ihlala ixesha elide.

Iidolophu eziphambili

IMoscow: ikomkhulu laseRussia, esinye sezixeko ezikhulu emhlabeni, kunye Iziko laseRussia kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezenzululwazi, inkcubeko kunye neziko lezothutho. IMoscow ikumbindi weThafa laseRussia, kuMlambo iMoskva, unqumle uMlambo iMoskva kunye ne-Yauza River. IGreater Moscow (kubandakanya indawo engaphakathi kwendlela eringayo) igubungela indawo ye-900 yeekhilomitha, kubandakanya nebhanti eluhlaza eluhlaza, iyonke eyi-1,725 ​​yeekhilomitha.

IMoscow sisixeko esinembali ende kunye nesiko eliqaqambileyo.Yakhiwa embindini wenkulungwane ye-12. Igama lesixeko saseMoscow livela kuMlambo iMoskva.Kukho iintetho ezintathu malunga ne-etymology yoMlambo iMoskva: Umhlaba omanzi osezantsi (iSlavic), iNiudukou (isiFinnish-Ugric), kunye neJungle (Kabarda). Isixeko saseMoscow saqala ukubonwa embalini njengendawo yokuhlala ngo-1147 AD. Yayilikomkhulu leNqununu yaseMoscow ngenkulungwane ye-13. Kwinkulungwane ye-14, amaRussia aqala eMoscow kwaye ahlanganisa imikhosi eyayijikelezileyo ukuba alwe nolawulo lweengcungcu zaseMongolia, ngaloo ndlela emanyanisa iRussia kunye nokuseka ilizwe eliphakathi lobukhosi.

IMoscow liziko lesizwe lobuchwephesha kunye nenkcubeko elinamaziko emfundo aliqela, kubandakanya nezikolo eziyi-1433 zemfundo ngokubanzi kunye nezikolo zemfundo ephakamileyo ezingama-84. Eyona yunivesithi idumileyo yiLomonosov Moscow State University (ngaphezulu kwama-26,000 abafundi). ILayibrari yaseLenin yithala leencwadi lesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni, nengqokelela yeencwadi ezizizigidi ezingama-35.7 (1995). Kukho iithiyetha ezili-121 esixekweni. I-Grand Grand Theatre, iMidlalo yeTheatre yobuGcisa, iNational Central Puppet Theatre, iMoscow State Circus, kunye neRussia State Symphony Orchestra bayalonwabela udumo lwehlabathi.

IMoscow lelona ziko likhulu lezorhwebo kwi-Commonwealth yamazwe aZimeleyo.Iiofisi ezinkulu nezorhwebo zaseRussia zonke zilapha. Inekomkhulu leebhanki zikazwelonke, amaziko einshurensi, kunye neevenkile ezinkulu ezingama-66. Phakathi kweevenkile zesebe, "iLizwe laBantwana", iVenkile yeSebe eliPhakathi kunye neVenkile yeSebe leSizwe zezona zikhulu.

IMoscow sisixeko esineembali, esijolise kwiKremlin ehlelwe kakuhle kunye neRed Square, esikhanyisa kwindawo engqongileyo. I-Kremlin yibhotwe le-Russian tsars ezilandelelanayo.Ibungangamsha kwaye idume umhlaba wonke.Impuma yeKremlin liziko lemisitho yesizwe ─ ─ Red Square.Kukho ingcwaba likaLenin eRed Square nasePokrovsky Church (1554-1560) emazantsi .

ISt.Petersburg: ISt.Petersburg sisixeko sesibini ngobukhulu eRashiya, okwesibini kuphela eMoscow, kwaye yenye yezona ndawo zinkulu kwezorhwebo, ezobuchwephesha, ezenkcubeko kunye namanzi kunye namaziko othutho lomhlaba. Inqaba yasePetersburg eyakhiwe ngo-1703 yayingumzekelo wesixeko, kwaye usodolophu wokuqala yayinguDuke waseMenshkov. Ibhotwe lafuduka eMoscow laya eSt. Petersburg ngo-1711, kwaye ngo-1712 iSt.Petersburg yaqinisekiswa ngokusesikweni njengekomkhulu laseRashiya. Ngo-Matshi u-1918 uLenin wasusa urhulumente waseSoviet ukusuka ePetrograd waya eMoscow.

Isixeko saseSt. Petersburg sesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo eRashiya sothutho lwamanzi kunye nomhlaba, elona zibuko likhulu laseRussia, kunye nesango elibalulekileyo lonxibelelwano lwangaphandle. Inokudityaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantic ukusuka kwiGulf of Finland ngeLwandle lweBaltic. Izibuko lamazwe angama-70 linokukhokelela kwiindawo ezinkulu ezisemaphandleni ngasemanzini; ISt.Petersburg sisikhululo seenqwelomoya esibalulekileyo samazwe aphesheya, esingaphezu kwe-200 yezixeko zasekhaya kunye namazwe angaphezu kwama-20.

Isixeko saseSt. Kukho iikholeji ezingama-42 kunye neeyunivesithi esixekweni (kubandakanya neYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg yasekwa ngo-1819) iSt.