South Africa, the full name of the Republic of South Africa, is located at the southernmost tip of the African continent. It borders the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, west and south, and borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland to the north. Located in the shipping hub between the two oceans, the Cape of Good Hope route at the southwestern tip has always been one of the busiest maritime passages in the world, and is known as the "Western Maritime Lifeline". The land area is about 1.22 million square kilometers. Most of the whole territory is plateau above 600 meters above sea level. The Drakensberg Mountains stretch to the southeast, with Caskin Peak as high as 3,660 meters, the highest point in the country; the northwest is a desert, part of the Kalahari Basin; the north, central and southwest are plateaus; the coast is a narrow plain. The Orange River and Limpopo River are the two main rivers. Most parts of South Africa have a savanna climate, the eastern coast has a tropical monsoon climate, and the southern coast has a Mediterranean climate. The climate of the whole territory is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. December-February is summer, with the highest temperature reaching 32-38℃; June-August is winter, with the lowest temperature being -10 to -12℃. The annual precipitation has gradually decreased from 1,000 mm in the east to 60 mm in the west, with an average of 450 mm. The annual average temperature of the capital Pretoria is 17℃.

The country is divided into 9 provinces: Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape, KwaZulu/Natal, Free State, Northwest, North, Mpumalanga, Gauteng. In June 2002, Northern Province was renamed Limpopo Province (LIMPOPO).

The earliest indigenous inhabitants of South Africa were the San, Khoi and Bantu who later moved south. After the 17th century, the Netherlands and Britain successively invaded South Africa. At the beginning of the 20th century, South Africa once became a dominion of Britain. On May 31, 1961, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth and established the Republic of South Africa. In April 1994, South Africa held its first general election involving all ethnic groups. Mandela was elected as South Africa's first black president.

The national flag: On March 15, 1994, the South African Multi-party Transitional Administrative Committee approved the new national flag. The new national flag has a rectangular shape with a length to width ratio of about 3:2. It is composed of geometric patterns in six colors of black, yellow, green, red, white and blue, symbolizing racial reconciliation and national unity.

The total population of South Africa is 47.4 million (as of August 2006, the South African National Bureau of Statistics forecast). It is divided into four major races: blacks, whites, colored people and Asians, accounting for 79.4%, 9.3%, 8.8% and 2.5% of the total population respectively. The blacks mainly consist of nine tribes including Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Tswana, North Soto, South Soto, Tsunga, Venda, and Ndebele. They mainly use Bantu language. The whites are mainly Afrikaans of Dutch descent (approximately 57%) and whites of British descent (approximately 39%), and the languages ​​are Afrikaans and English. The colored people were the mixed-race descendants of whites, natives and slaves during the colonial period, and mainly spoke the Afrikaans. Asians are mainly Indians (about 99%) and Chinese. There are 11 official languages, English and Afrikaans (Afrikaans) are the common languages. The residents mainly believe in Protestantism, Catholicism, Islam and primitive religions.

South Africa is rich in mineral resources and is one of the five largest mineral-producing countries in the world. The reserves of gold, platinum group metals, manganese, vanadium, chromium, titanium and aluminosilicate all rank first in the world, vermiculite and zirconium rank second in the world, fluorspar and phosphate rank third in the world, antimony, Uranium ranks fourth in the world, and coal, diamonds and lead rank fifth in the world. South Africa is the world's largest gold producer and exporter. Gold exports account for one-third of all foreign exports, so it is also known as "the country of gold".

South Africa is a middle-income developing country. Its gross domestic product accounts for about 20% of Africa’s gross domestic product. In 2006, its gross domestic product was US$200.458 billion, ranking 31st in the world, per capita It is 4536 US dollars. Mining, manufacturing, agriculture and service industries are the four pillars of South Africa's economy, and deep mining technology is in a leading position in the world. South Africa has a complete range of manufacturing industries and advanced technology, including steel, metal products, chemicals, transportation equipment, food processing, textiles, and clothing. Manufacturing output value accounts for nearly one-fifth of GDP. South Africa’s power industry is relatively developed, with the world’s largest dry-cooling power station, which accounts for two-thirds of Africa’s power generation.

Pretoria: Pretoria is the administrative capital of South Africa. It is located in the Magalesberg Valley in the northeastern plateau. On both banks of the Appis River, a tributary of the Limpopo River. Above 1300 meters above sea level. The annual average temperature is 17℃. It was built in 1855 and named after the leader of the Boer people, Pretoria. His son Marsilaos was the founder of the city of Pretoria. There are statues of their father and son in the city. In 1860, it was the capital of the Transvaal Republic established by the Boers. In 1900, it was occupied by Britain. Since 1910, it has become the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of South Africa (renamed the Republic of South Africa in 1961) ruled by white racists. The scenery is beautiful and it is known as the "Garden City". Bignonia is planted on both sides of the street, also known as the "Bignonia City". From October to November every year, hundreds of flowers are in full bloom, and festivals are held throughout the city for one week.

The statue of Paul Kruger stands on the church square in the city center. He was the first president of the Republic of Transvaal (South Africa) and his former residence has been changed to a national memorial. The parliament building on the side of the square, originally the Transvaal State Assembly, is now the seat of the provincial government. The famous Church Street is 18.64 kilometers long and is one of the longest streets in the world, with skyscrapers on both sides. The Federal Building is the seat of the central government and is located on a hill overlooking the city. The Transvaal Museum, located on Paul Kruger Street, houses various geological and archaeological relics and specimens since the Stone Age, as well as the National Museum of History and Culture and the Open Air Museum.

There are many parks in the city with a total area of ​​more than 1,700 hectares. Among them, the National Zoo and Wenning Park are the most famous. Built in 1949, the Pioneer Monument with a cost of 340,000 pounds stands on a hill in the southern suburbs. It was built to commemorate the famous "ox cart marching" in the history of South Africa. In the 1830s, the Boers were squeezed out by the British colonists and moved in groups from the Cape Province of southern South Africa to the north. The migration lasted three years. The Fountain Valley, Wangdboom Nature Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary in the suburbs are also tourist attractions.

Cape Town: Cape Town is the legislative capital of South Africa, an important port, and the capital of the Cape of Good Hope province. It is located in a narrow strip of land at the northern end of the Cape of Good Hope, close to the Atlantic Ocean Tumble Bay. Founded in 1652, it was originally the supply station of the East India Company. It was the first stronghold established by Western European colonists in southern Africa. Therefore, it is known as the "mother of South African cities". It has long been the expansion of Dutch and British colonists into the inland Africa. Base. It is now the seat of the legislature.

The city stretches out from the mountains to the sea. The western outskirts are bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, and the southern outskirts are inserted into the Indian Ocean and occupy the meeting of two oceans. The city is an ancient building from the colonial era. It is located near the main square. The Cape Town Castle, built in 1666, is the oldest building in the city. Most of its construction materials came from the Netherlands, which was later used as the governor's residence and government office. The cathedral, built in the same century, is located on Adeli Avenue, and its bell tower is still well preserved. Eight Dutch governors in Cape Town were buried in this church. Opposite the Government Street Public Park is the Parliament Building and Art Gallery, which was completed in 1886 and added in 1910. To the west is the public library built in 1818 with a collection of 300,000 books. There is also the National History Museum established in 1964 in the city.

Bloemfontein: Bloemfontein, the capital of the Orange Natural State of South Africa, is the judicial capital of South Africa. It is located in the central plateau and is the geographic center of the country. Surrounded by small hills, summer is hot, winter is cold and frost. It was originally a fortress and was officially built in 1846. It is now an important transportation hub. The term Bloemfontein originally means "the root of flowers". The hills in the city are undulating and the scenery is beautiful.

Bloemfontein is the seat of the highest judicial authority in South Africa. The main buildings include: City Hall, Court of Appeal, National Memorial, Stadium and Cathedral. There are famous dinosaur fossils in the National Museum. The castle built in 1848 is the oldest building in the city. The old provincial assembly built in 1849 had only one room and is now a national monument. The National Monument is built to commemorate the women and children who died in the Second South African War. Under the monument is the burial site of famous figures in South Africa’s history. There is Orange Free State University in the city, which was established in 1855.