Kanada ifite ifasi nini ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 998.4670, iza kumwanya wa kabiri kwisi. Iherereye mu majyaruguru ya Amerika ya Ruguru (usibye umujyi wa Alaska na Greenland, igice cyose cy'amajyaruguru ni agace ka Kanada). Irahana imbibi n'inyanja ya Atalantika iburasirazuba, inyanja ya pasifika iburengerazuba, umugabane wa Amerika mu majyepfo, n'inyanja ya Arctique mu majyaruguru. Irahana imbibi na Alaska muri Amerika mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba na Greenland hakurya ya Baffin Bay mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba. Inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure bwa kilometero zirenga 240.000. Iburasirazuba ni agace k'imisozi, kandi ibiyaga bigari n'akarere ka St. Lawrence gahana imbibi na Amerika mu majyepfo bifite ubutaka bunini n'ibibaya byinshi. Mu burengerazuba hari imisozi ya Cordillera, akarere kanini cyane muri Kanada, ifite impinga nyinshi hejuru ya metero 4000 hejuru yinyanja. Amajyaruguru ni ikirwa cya Arctique, ahanini imisozi n'imisozi miremire. Igice cyo hagati ni agace gasanzwe. Umusozi muremure, Logan Peak, uherereye mu misozi ya Kibuye mu burengerazuba, ufite uburebure bwa metero 5.951. Kanada ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite ibiyaga byinshi ku isi. Bitewe n’umuyaga w’iburengerazuba, igice kinini cya Kanada gifite ikirere cy’amashyamba giciriritse. Ubushyuhe buri hasi gato muburasirazuba, buringaniye mu majyepfo, bworoheje n'ubukonje mu burengerazuba, n'ikirere gikonje cya tundra mu majyaruguru. Ibirwa bya Arctique birakonje umwaka wose.

Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara 10 n'uturere dutatu. Intara 10 ni: Alberta, Columbiya y'Ubwongereza, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland na Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Ikirwa gikomangoma Edward, Quebec na Saskatchewan. Uturere dutatu ni: Intara y'Amajyaruguru y'Uburengerazuba, Intara ya Yukon n'intara za Nunavut. Buri ntara ifite guverinoma yintara ninteko yintara yatowe. Agace ka Nunavut kashinzwe ku mugaragaro ku ya 1 Mata 1999 kandi gacungwa na Inuit.

Ijambo Kanada rikomoka mu rurimi rwa Huron-Iroquois, risobanura "umudugudu, inzu nto cyangwa isuka". Umushakashatsi w’Abafaransa Cartier yaje hano mu 1435 abaza Abahinde izina ryaho.Umukuru asubiza "Kanada", bisobanura umudugudu uri hafi. Cartier yibeshye yibwira ko yerekeza ku karere kose, kandi kuva icyo gihe ayita Kanada. Indi mpaka ni uko mu 1500, umushakashatsi wo muri Porutugali Cortrell yaje hano abona ubutayu, nuko avuga Kanada! Bisobanura "Nta kintu kiri hano." Abahinde na Inuit (Eskimos) ni bo ba mbere batuye muri Kanada. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 16, Kanada yabaye ubukoloni bw'Abafaransa n'Ubwongereza. Hagati ya 1756 na 1763, Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa byatangiye muri "Intambara y'Imyaka Irindwi" muri Kanada.Ubufaransa bwatsinzwe maze buha Ubwongereza ubukoloni. Mu 1848, abakoloni b'Abongereza bo muri Amerika ya Ruguru bashizeho guverinoma yigenga. Ku ya 1 Nyakanga 1867, Inteko ishinga amategeko y’Ubwongereza yemeje "Itegeko ry’Ubwongereza ry’amajyaruguru y’Ubwongereza", rihuza intara za Kanada, New Brunswick, na Nova Scotia muri federasiyo imwe, ryabaye ubutware bwa mbere mu Bwongereza, bwitwa Dominion ya Kanada. Kuva mu 1870 kugeza 1949, izindi ntara nazo zinjiye muri federasiyo. Mu 1926, Ubwongereza bwabonye Kanada "uburinganire bungana" maze Kanada itangira kubona ubwigenge bwa diplomasi. Mu 1931, Kanada yabaye umunyamuryango wa Commonwealth, kandi inteko ishinga amategeko nayo yahawe imbaraga zingana n’inteko ishinga amategeko y’Ubwongereza. Mu 1967, Ishyaka rya Québec ryahagurukije ikibazo cyo gusaba ubwigenge bwa Quebec, naho mu 1976 ishyaka ryatsinze amatora yo mu ntara. Québec yakoze referendum ku bwigenge mu 1980, byagaragaye ko ahanini hari abayirwanya, ariko ikibazo nticyakemutse. Muri Werurwe 1982, Inteko ishinga amategeko y’abadepite n’abadepite bo mu Bwongereza yemeje "Itegeko Nshinga rya Kanada". Muri Mata, iryo tegeko ryemejwe n’umwamikazi kugira ngo ritangire gukurikizwa. Kuva icyo gihe, Kanada yabonye ububasha busesuye bwo gushyiraho amategeko no guhindura itegeko nshinga.

Abaturage ba Kanada ni miliyoni 32.623 (2006). Ni iyigihugu gisanzwe gifite ubuso bunini nabaturage bake. Muri bo, Abongereza bakomoka kuri 28%, abakomoka mu Bufaransa bangana na 23%, abandi bakomoka mu Burayi bangana na 15%, abasangwabutaka (Abahinde, Miti, na Inuit) bagera kuri 2%, abasigaye ni Abanyaziya, Abanyamerika y'Epfo, na Afurika. Tegereza. Muri bo, Abashinwa bangana na 3.5% by'abaturage bose ba Kanada, bituma baba umubare munini w'amoko menshi muri Kanada, ni ukuvuga ubwoko bunini butari abazungu n'abasangwabutaka. Icyongereza n'Igifaransa byombi ni indimi zemewe. Mu baturage, 45% bemera Gatolika naho 36% bemera Abaporotesitanti.

Kanada ni kimwe mu bihugu birindwi by’inganda byateye imbere mu Burengerazuba. Inganda n’inganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zateye imbere ugereranije. Inganda z’umutungo, inganda z’ibanze n’ubuhinzi n’inkingi nkuru y’ubukungu bw’igihugu. Mu mwaka wa 2006, GDP muri Kanada yari miliyari 1.088.937 z'amadolari y'Amerika, iza ku mwanya wa 8 ku isi, umuturage afite agaciro ka $ 32.898. Kanada ishingiye ku bucuruzi kandi ishingiye cyane ku ishoramari ry’amahanga n’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Kanada ifite ifasi nini n’umutungo w’amashyamba ukungahaye, ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare miliyoni 4.4, hamwe n’amashyamba atanga ibiti afite ubuso bwa kilometero kare miliyoni 2.86, bingana na 44% na 29% by’ubutaka bw’igihugu; ubwinshi bw’ibiti ni metero kibe miliyari 17.23. Umubare munini wibiti, fibre hamwe namakuru yoherezwa hanze buri mwaka. Inganda zishingiye ahanini kuri peteroli, gushonga ibyuma, no gukora impapuro, naho ubuhinzi bushingiye ku ngano.Ibihingwa nyamukuru ni ingano, sayiri, flax, oati, kungufu, n'ibigori. Ubuso bw'ubutaka bwo guhinga bugera kuri 16% by'ubutaka bw'igihugu, muri bwo hafi hegitari miliyoni 68 z'ubutaka bwo guhingwa, bingana na 8% by'ubutaka bw'igihugu. Muri Kanada, kilometero kare 890.000 zitwikiriwe n’amazi, kandi umutungo w’amazi meza ugera kuri 9% byisi. Uburobyi bwateye imbere cyane, 75% by’ibicuruzwa by’uburobyi byoherezwa mu mahanga, kandi ni byo byohereza uburobyi bunini ku isi. Inganda z’ubukerarugendo muri Kanada nazo zateye imbere cyane, ziza ku mwanya wa cyenda mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi mu bukerarugendo ku isi.

Ottawa: Umurwa mukuru wa Kanada, Ottawa, uherereye ku mupaka w’amajyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Ontario na Québec. Umurwa mukuru (harimo Ottawa muri Ontario, Hull muri Québec no mumijyi ikikije) utuwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni 1.1 (2005) n'ubuso bwa kilometero kare 4,662.

Ottawa iherereye mu kibaya, gifite impuzandengo ya metero zigera kuri 109. Agace kegeranye gakikijwe rwose n’amabuye ya Shield yo muri Kanada. Ni iy'ubukonje bukabije bwo ku mugabane w'ikirere. Mu ci, ubuhehere bwo mu kirere buri hejuru kandi bufite ibiranga ikirere cyo mu nyanja. Mu gihe cy'itumba, kubera ko nta misozi iri mu majyaruguru, umuyaga wumye kandi ukomeye ukonje uturuka muri Arctique urashobora gukubura igihugu cya Ottawa nta nkomyi. Ikirere cyumye kandi gikonje. Ubushyuhe bwo hagati muri Mutarama ni -11 dogere. Ni umwe mu murwa mukuru ukonje cyane ku isi, hamwe n'ubushyuhe buke. Yageze kuri dogere 39. Igihe cy'impeshyi nikigera, umujyi wose wuzuyemo amabara meza, bituma uyu murwa mukuru uba mwiza cyane, Ottawa rero izwiho "Umujyi wa Tulip". Imibare yatanzwe n’ishami ry’iteganyagihe, ivuga ko Ottawa ifite ubushyuhe buri munsi ya zeru mu gihe cy’amezi 8 buri mwaka, bityo abantu bamwe bakayita "umurwa mukuru ukonje cyane".

Ottawa numujyi wubusitani, kandi ba mukerarugendo bagera kuri miliyoni 2 basura hano buri mwaka. Umuyoboro wa Rideau unyura mu mujyi rwagati wa Ottawa. Mu burengerazuba bw'Umuyoboro wa Rideau ni umujyi wo hejuru, ukikijwe n'umusozi wa Capitol kandi urimo inzego nyinshi za leta. Inyubako y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, iherereye munsi y’umusozi w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku mugezi wa Ottawa, ni inzu y’inyubako y’Abataliyani y’Ubutaliyani.Mu kigo, hari inzu irimo ibimenyetso by’intara za Kanada n'umunara w’amahoro wa metero 88.7. Ibumoso n'iburyo bw'umunara hari Inteko ishinga amategeko umutwe wa Sena, hagakurikiraho isomero rinini rya Kongere. Mu majyepfo y’umusozi wa Capitol, hafi y’umuyoboro wa Rideau, uhagaze ku rwibutso rw’intambara y’abenegihugu rwagati muri Federasiyo. Ku Muhanda wa Wellington ahateganye na Capitol, hari ihuriro ry’inyubako zikomeye nk'inyubako ya guverinoma nkuru, inyubako y'ubucamanza, urukiko rw'ikirenga, na banki nkuru. Mu burasirazuba bw'Umuyoboro wa Rideau ni Akarere ka Xiacheng.Aka ni agace abaturage baho bavuga Igifaransa bibandaho, hamwe n’inyubako zizwi nka City Hall na National Archives.

Ottawa iracyari umujyi wumuco. Ikigo cyubuhanzi mumujyi gifite Ingoro yigihugu hamwe ningoro ndangamurage zitandukanye. Kaminuza ya Ottawa, kaminuza ya Carleton, na kaminuza ya Mutagatifu Pawulo ni amashuri yisumbuye muri uyu mujyi. Kaminuza ya Carleton ni kaminuza imwe y’icyongereza.Kaminuza ya Ottawa na kaminuza ya Saint Paul bombi ni kaminuza ebyiri.

Vancouver: Vancouver (Vancouver) iherereye mu majyepfo ya Columbiya y’Ubwongereza, muri Kanada, kandi ni umujyi mwiza. Azengurutswe n'imisozi ku mpande eshatu n'inyanja ku rundi. Nubwo Vancouver iherereye mu burebure burebure busa n’intara ya Heilongjiang y’Ubushinwa, yibasiwe n’imvura ya pasifika n’umuyaga ushyushye ugana mu majyepfo, kandi hari imisozi yubuye inyura ku mugabane wa Amerika ya Ruguru nk’inzitizi y’amajyaruguru y’amajyaruguru. Ikirere ni cyoroheje kandi gifite ubuhehere mu mwaka wose, kandi ibidukikije birashimishije muri Kanada.

Vancouver numujyi ufite icyambu kinini kuruhande rwiburengerazuba bwa Kanada. Icyambu cya Vancouver ni icyambu cy’amazi gisanzwe gikonje.Ni no mu gihe cy'itumba ryinshi, ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere selisiyusi 0. Bitewe n’imiterere yihariye y’imiterere, icyambu cya Vancouver nicyo cyambu kinini gitwara imizigo myinshi ku nkombe y’iburengerazuba bwa Amerika ya Ruguru.Hariho amato yo mu nyanja asanzwe yinjira muri Aziya, Oseyaniya, Uburayi, na Amerika y'Epfo. Amato ibihumbi yinjira mu cyambu buri mwaka, kandi ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga buri mwaka bikaba hafi Toni miliyoni 100. Dukurikije imibare, 80% -90% by'amato aje muri Hong Kong akomoka mu Bushinwa, Ubuyapani no mu bindi bihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwa kure n'uturere. Kubwibyo, Vancouver izwi nk'irembo rya Kanada mu burasirazuba. Byongeye kandi, Vancouver yo mu gihugu imbere, gari ya moshi, umuhanda munini no gutwara abantu n'ibintu byose byateye imbere neza. Izina rya Vancouver rikomoka ku bwato bw’Abongereza George Vancouver. Mu 1791, George Vancouver yakoze urugendo rwe rwa mbere muri ako karere. Kuva icyo gihe, abaturage batuye hano bagiye biyongera buhoro buhoro. Ishirwaho ry'inzego za komine ryatangiye mu 1859. Umujyi washinzwe ku mugaragaro ku ya 6 Mata 1886. Mu rwego rwo kwibuka umushakashatsi wa mbere waje hano, umujyi witiriwe Vancouver.

Toronto: Toronto (Toronto) ni umurwa mukuru wa Ontario, muri Kanada, utuwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni 4.3 n'ubuso bwa kilometero kare 632. Toronto iherereye ku nkombe y’amajyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bw’ikiyaga cya Ontario, hagati y’ibiyaga bigari muri Amerika ya Ruguru, itsinda rinini ry’amazi meza y’amazi meza ku isi. Ifite ubutaka bunini kandi nyaburanga. Hariho uruzi rwa Tun n'umugezi wa Gangby aho amato ashobora kwinjira mu nyanja ya Atalantika akanyura mu ruzi rwa St. Lawrence.Ni umujyi ukomeye ku cyambu mu biyaga bigari bya Kanada. Ubusanzwe Toronto yari ahantu abahinde bacururizaga ibicuruzwa byo guhiga ku kiyaga.Igihe cyagiye gihita gihinduka abantu bahurira. "Toronto" bivuga ahantu hateranira mu Buhinde.

Nka centre yubukungu ya Kanada, Toronto numujyi munini muri Kanada. Iherereye rwagati muri Kanada kandi yegereye uturere twateye imbere mu nganda zo mu burasirazuba bwa Amerika, nka Detroit, Pittsburgh na Chicago. Inganda z’imodoka, inganda za elegitoroniki, inganda z’imari n’ubukerarugendo zifite umwanya w’ingenzi mu bukungu bwa Toronto, kandi uruganda runini rukora amamodoka muri Kanada ruherereye hano. Ibicuruzwa byayo byikoranabuhanga bifite 60% byigihugu.

Toronto kandi nikigo gikomeye cyubushakashatsi bwumuco, uburezi nubumenyi. Kaminuza ya Toronto, kaminuza nini ya Kanada, yashinzwe mu 1827. Iki kigo gifite ubuso bwa hegitari 65 kandi gifite kaminuza 16. Kaminuza ya York mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'umujyi yashyizeho ishuri rya Bethune College kugira ngo ritange amasomo ku Bushinwa. Ikigo cy'ubumenyi cya Ontario kizwi cyane kubera imurikagurisha rya siyanse ryakozwe mu buryo butandukanye. Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe amakuru, ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gutangaza amakuru, Ballet y’igihugu, Opera y’igihugu n’ibindi bigo by’ubumenyi bw’ibinyabuzima n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu bumenyi bw’imibereho nabyo biri hano.

Toronto kandi ni umujyi uzwi cyane wubukerarugendo, imiterere yimijyi hamwe nubusanzwe nyaburanga bituma abantu batinda. Inyubako n’inyubako idasanzwe ihagarariye i Toronto ni inyubako nshya y’amakomine iherereye mu mujyi rwagati.Bigizwe n’ibice bitatu: inyubako ebyiri z’ibiro zimeze nka arc zifite uburebure butandukanye zihagaze hagati yazo, kandi inzu y’ibirori ikora ibihumyo iri hagati. Irasa nigice cyafunguwe igice cya mussel shell irimo isaro.