ICanada inendawo enkulu enendawo yomhlaba engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-998.4670, isendaweni yesibili emhlabeni. Kutholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNyakatho Melika (ngaphandle kweNhlonhlo Yase-Alaska naseGreenland, yonke ingxenye esenyakatho yindawo yaseCanada). Unqamula i-Atlantic Ocean empumalanga, iPacific Ocean entshonalanga, izwekazi i-United States eningizimu, ne-Arctic Ocean ngasenyakatho. Unqamula i-Alaska e-United States iye enyakatho-ntshonalanga naseGreenland inqamula iBaffin Bay iye enyakatho-mpumalanga. Ugu lungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-240,000 ubude. Impumalanga iyindawo enamagquma, kanti iGreat Lakes kanye nendawo yaseSt. Lawrence emngceleni we-United States eningizimu kuyizindishi eziyizicaba futhi ziningi. Ngasentshonalanga kunezintaba zeCordillera, okuyindawo ephakeme kunazo zonke eCanada, enezintaba eziningi ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-4000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Inyakatho yiziqhingi zase-Arctic, ikakhulukazi amagquma nezintaba eziphansi. Ingxenye emaphakathi yindawo ethafeni. Intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke, iLogan Peak, isezintabeni iRocky entshonalanga, ephakeme ngamamitha angu-5 951. ICanada ingelinye lamazwe anamachibi amaningi emhlabeni. Zithintwe yimimoya yasentshonalanga, izingxenye eziningi zeCanada zinesimo sezulu esisezingeni eliphakathi nezwe lase-coniferous. Izinga lokushisa liphansi kancane empumalanga, lilinganise eningizimu, lipholile futhi linomswakama entshonalanga, nesimo sezulu esibandayo se-tundra enyakatho. Iziqhingi zase-Arctic ziyabanda unyaka wonke.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe eziyi-10 nezifunda ezintathu. Izifundazwe eziyishumi yilezi: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland kanye neLabrador, iNova Scotia, Ontario, iPrince Edward Island, IQuebec neSaskatchewan. Lezi zifunda ezintathu yilezi: Northwest Territories, Yukon Territories kanye neNunavut Territories. Isifundazwe ngasinye sinohulumeni wesifundazwe kanye nomhlangano wesifundazwe okhethiwe. Indawo yeNunavut yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-Ephreli 1, 1999 futhi yaphathwa yi-Inuit.

Igama elithi Canada livela olimini lwaseHuron-Iroquois, okusho ukuthi "isigodi, indlu encane noma ishede". Umhloli wamazwe waseFrance uCartier weza lapha ngo-1435 futhi wabuza amaNdiya igama lendawo.Inkosi yaphendula yathi "Canada", okusho ukuthi isigodi esiseduze. UCartier ngephutha wacabanga ukuthi ubhekisa esifundeni sonke, futhi kusukela lapho wabiza iCanada. Enye inkolelo yokuthi umhloli wamazwe wasePutukezi uCortrell wafika lapha ngo-1500 futhi wabona incithakalo, ngakho wathi eCanada! Kusho ukuthi "Akukho lutho lapha." AmaNdiya nama-Inuit (ama-Eskimo) kwakuyizakhamizi zokuqala zaseCanada. Kusukela ngekhulu le-16, iCanada yaba ikoloni laseFrance nelaseBrithani. Phakathi kuka-1756 no-1763, iBrithani neFrance kwaqubuka "empini yeminyaka eyisikhombisa" eCanada. IFrance yehlulwa futhi leli koloni lanikezwa iBrithani. Ngo-1848, amakoloni aseBrithani aseNyakatho Melika asungula uhulumeni ozimele. NgoJulayi 1, 1867, iPhalamende laseBrithani laphasisa i- "British North America Act", eyahlanganisa izifundazwe zaseCanada, New Brunswick, neNova Scotia yaba umfelandawonye owodwa, owaba ngumbuso wokuqala e-United Kingdom, obizwa ngeDominion of Canada. Kusukela ngo-1870 kuya ku-1949, ezinye izifundazwe nazo zajoyina umfelandawonye. Ngo-1926, iBrithani yaqaphela "isimo esilinganayo" saseCanada futhi iCanada yaqala ukuthola inkululeko yokuzimela. Ngo-1931, iCanada yaba yilungu le-Commonwealth, kanti nephalamende layo lathola amandla alinganayo okushaya umthetho nephalamende laseBrithani. Ngo-1967, iQembu laseQuebec laphakamisa udaba lokucela inkululeko yaseQuebec, kwathi ngo-1976 leli qembu lanqoba ukhetho lwesifundazwe. Ngo-1980, iQuebec yabamba inhlolovo yenkululeko.Kwavela ukuthi kunabaningi ababephikisana naye, kodwa le nkinga ayizange ixazululwe ekugcineni. NgoMashi 1982, iBritish House of Lords and House of Commons yadlulisa "iCanada Constitution Act". Ngo-Ephreli, lo mthetho wavunywa yiNdlovukazi ukuthi iqale ukusebenza. Kusukela lapho, iCanada ithole amandla aphelele okushaya umthetho nokuchibiyela umthethosisekelo.

Inani labantu baseCanada liyizigidi ezingama-32.623 (2006). Ngeyezwe elijwayelekile elinendawo enkulu nabantu abambalwa. Phakathi kwabo, abadabuka eBrithani babengu-28%, abadabuka eFrance baba ngu-23%, abanye abadabuka e-Europe babalelwa ku-15%, abantu bomdabu (amaNdiya, amaMiti, nama-Inuit) babalelwa ku-2%, kanti abanye bangabokudabuka e-Asia, Latin American, nase-Afrika. Linda. Phakathi kwabo, inani lamaShayina lifake isibalo esingu-3.5% senani labantu baseCanada, okwenza kwaba yisizwe esincane kunazo zonke eCanada, okungukuthi, isizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke ngaphandle kwabamhlophe nabomdabu. IsiNgisi nesiFulentshi zombili izilimi ezisemthethweni. Phakathi kwabahlali, ama-45% akholelwa ebuKristwini kanti ama-36% akholelwa kubuProthestani.

ICanada ingelinye lamazwe ayisikhombisa athuthukile aseNtshonalanga.Izimboni zezokukhiqiza nezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zithuthukiswa kancane.Izimboni zezinsizakusebenza, ukukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo kanye nezolimo nakho kuyizinsika zomnotho wezwe. Ngo-2006, i-GDP yaseCanada yayingu-US $ 1,088.937 billion, ikleliswe endaweni yesi-8 emhlabeni, ngenani lomuntu ngamunye elingu-US $ 32,898. ICanada isuselwa ekuhwebeni futhi ithembele kakhulu kutshalomali lwangaphandle kanye nokuhweba kwangaphandle. ICanada inensimu enkulu nezinsizakusebenza zehlathi ezicebile, ezihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-4.4, namahlathi akhiqiza izingodo amboza indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-2.86, abalwa ngamaphesenti angama-44% nama-29% endawo yezwe ngokulandelana; inani eliphelele lesitokisi samapulangwe angama-cubic metres ayi-17.23 billion. Inani elikhulu lezinkuni, i-fiberboard nephepha lezindaba lithunyelwa minyaka yonke. Le mboni ngokuyinhloko isuselwa kuphethiloli, ukuncibilikiswa kwensimbi nokwenza amaphepha, kanti ezolimo zona zisekelwe kakhulu kukolweni.Izilimo ezinkulu ukolweni, ibhali, ifilakisi, i-oats, i-rapeseed kanye nommbila. Indawo yomhlaba olimekayo ilinganiselwa ku-16% womhlaba wezwe, cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-68 zomhlaba olimekayo, obala u-8% wendawo yomhlaba wezwe. ECanada, amakhilomitha-skwele angama-890,000 embozwe ngamanzi, futhi izinsiza zamanzi angenasawoti zibala u-9% womhlaba. Indawo yokudoba ithuthuke kakhulu, u-75% wemikhiqizo yezokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi ingumthengisi wezinhlanzi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Imboni yezokuvakasha yaseCanada nayo ithuthukiswe kakhulu, ibeka endaweni yesishiyagalolunye phakathi kwamazwe anengeniso ephezulu yezokuvakasha emhlabeni.

I-Ottawa: Inhlokodolobha yaseCanada, i-Ottawa, itholakala emngceleni oseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Ontario neQuebec. Isifunda senhlokodolobha (kufaka i-Ottawa e-Ontario, Hull eQuebec nasemadolobheni azungezile) sinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.1 (2005) nendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-4,662.

I-Ottawa isendaweni ephansi, ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-109, futhi icishe izungezwe amatshe eCanada Shield. Kungokwesimo sezulu sasehlathini esibandayo se-continental esibanda kakhulu. Ehlobo, umswakama womoya uphakeme kakhulu futhi unezici zesimo sezulu sasolwandle. Ebusika, njengoba zingekho izintaba ngaphesheya kwenyakatho, umoya obandayo owomile futhi oqinile ovela e-Arctic ungashanela umhlaba wase-Ottawa ngaphandle kwezingqinamba.Isimo sezulu somile futhi siyabanda.Isilinganiso sokushisa esijwayelekile ngoJanuwari ngama -11 degrees.Ngesinye sezinhloko-dolobha ezibanda kakhulu emhlabeni. Isifinyelele kuma-degree angu-39. Lapho kufika intwasahlobo, idolobha lonke ligcwele ama-tulips amibalabala, okwenza leli dolobha libe lihle ngokwedlulele, ngakho-ke i-Ottawa inegama le- "Tulip City". Ngokwezibalo zoMnyango Wezulu, i-Ottawa inamazinga okushisa ebusuku angaphansi kuka-zero cishe izinyanga eziyi-8 unyaka nonyaka, ngakho-ke abanye abantu bakubiza ngokuthi "idolobha elibandayo kakhulu".

I-Ottawa yidolobha eliyingadi, futhi izivakashi ezibalelwa ezigidini ezi-2 zivakashela lapha minyaka yonke. IRideau Canal idlula endaweni yedolobha lase-Ottawa. Ngasentshonalanga yeRideau Canal idolobha elingenhla, elizungezwe yiCapitol Hill futhi liqukethe izinhlaka eziningi zikahulumeni. Isakhiwo sePhalamende, esisezansi kweNtaba yePhalamende eMfuleni i-Ottawa, siyisakhiwo sase-Italy samaGothic. Maphakathi nendawo kunehholo elinezimpawu zesifundazwe saseCanada nombhoshongo wokuthula wamamitha angama-88.7. Ngakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla sombhoshongo yiNdlu Yabamele neSenate, kulandelwa iLabhulali enkulu yeCongress. Ngaseningizimu yeCapitol Hill, eceleni kweRideau Canal, kumi iSikhumbuzo Sempi Yomphakathi enkabeni yeFederation Square. KuWellington Avenue phesheya kweCapitol kunamaqoqo ezakhiwo ezibalulekile njengeFederal Government Building, iJudicial Building, iNkantolo Ephakeme kanye neCentral Bank. Ngasempumalanga yeRideau Canal yisifunda iXiacheng.Le yindawo lapho kugcinwa khona izakhamuzi ezikhuluma isiFulentshi, zinezakhiwo ezidumile ezifana neCity Hall kanye neNational Archives.

I-Ottawa kuseyidolobha elinamasiko. Isikhungo sobuciko edolobheni sineNational Gallery neminyuziyamu ehlukahlukene. IYunivesithi yase-Ottawa, iCarleton University, neSt. Paul University yizikole eziphakeme kakhulu edolobheni. ICarleton University iyunivesithi eyodwa yamaNgisi.IYunivesithi yase-Ottawa neYunivesithi yaseSaint Paul womabili amanyuvesi akhuluma izilimi ezimbili.

I-Vancouver: IVancouver (Vancouver) itholakala echosheni eliseningizimu yeBritish Columbia, eCanada, futhi iyidolobha elihle. Uzungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu nolwandle kolunye. Yize iVancouver isendaweni ephakeme efana nesifundazwe saseChina iHeilongjiang, iyathintwa yisiphepho sasePacific kanye nemisinga efudumele eningizimu, futhi kunezintaba ezinamadwala ezigudla izwekazi laseNyakatho Melika njengesithiyo esisenyakatho-mpumalanga.Isimo sezulu simnene futhi sinomswakama unyaka wonke, nemvelo imnandi.

IVancouver yidolobha elinetheku elikhulu kunawo wonke ogwini olusentshonalanga yeCanada. Itheku laseVancouver liyitheku lamanzi ajulile afriziwe ngokwemvelo.Ngisho nasebusika obunzima, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingaphezu kuka-0 degrees Celsius. Ngenxa yezimo zayo ezihlukile, iPort of Vancouver iyitheku elikhulu eliphethe imithwalo emikhulu ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Kunohambo lwasolwandle olujwayelekile oluya e-Asia, e-Oceania, eYurophu naseLatin America. Izinkulungwane zemikhumbi zingena ethekwini minyaka yonke, futhi ukwenziwa kwempahla yonyaka cishe Amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100. Ngokwezibalo, u-80% -90% wemikhumbi eza eHong Kong uvela eChina, Japan nakwamanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Ekude nasezifundeni. Ngakho-ke, iVancouver yaziwa njengesango laseCanada elibheke empumalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhanjiswa kwemikhumbi yangaphakathi eVancouver, ojantshi, imigwaqo emikhulu nokuthuthwa komoya konke kuthuthukisiwe. Igama elithi Vancouver lisuselwa kumatilosi waseBrithani uGeorge Vancouver. Ngo-1791, uGeorge Vancouver wenza uhambo lwakhe lokuqala endaweni. Kusukela lapho, inani labantu abahlala lapha lenyuke kancane kancane. Ukusungulwa kwezikhungo zikamasipala kwaqala ngonyaka we-1859. Idolobha lasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-Ephreli 6, 1886. Ukukhumbula umhloli wamazwe wokuqala owafika lapha, idolobha laqanjwa ngegama leVancouver.

IToronto: IToronto (iToronto) inhlokodolobha yase-Ontario, eCanada, enabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-4.3 nendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-632. IToronto isogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeLake Ontario, enkabeni yeGreat Lakes eNyakatho Melika, iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke echibini lamanzi angenasawoti emhlabeni. Inendawo enezindawo eziyizicaba nobuhle bendawo. Kukhona uMfula iTun noMfula iHengbi lapho imikhumbi ingangena khona e-Atlantic Ocean ngeSt. IToronto ekuqaleni yayiyindawo lapho amaNdiya ayedayisa khona izimpahla zokuzingela ngaselwandle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kancane kancane yaba yindawo yokuhlangana yabantu. "IToronto" isho indawo yokubuthana eNdiya.

Njengesikhungo sezomnotho saseCanada, iToronto idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eCanada.isenkabeni yeCanada, eduze kwezindawo ezithuthukiswe kakhulu ezimbonini empumalanga ye-United States, njengeDetroit, Pittsburgh neChicago. Imboni yezimoto, imboni ye-elekthronikhi, imboni yezezimali kanye nezokuvakasha zidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni waseToronto, futhi isitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokukhiqiza izimoto saseCanada sikhona lapha. Imikhiqizo yayo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ihlanganisa i-60% yezwe.

I-Toronto futhi iyisikhungo esibalulekile sokucwaninga ngamasiko, ezemfundo nezesayensi. IYunivesithi yaseToronto, eyunivesithi enkulu kunazo zonke eCanada, yasungulwa ngo-1827. Le khampasi ihlanganisa indawo engamahektha angama-65 futhi inamakholeji ayi-16. IYunivesithi yaseYork enyakatho-ntshonalanga yedolobha isungule iBethune College ukuze inikeze izifundo eChina. Isikhungo Sezesayensi sase-Ontario saziwa kakhulu ngemibukiso yaso yesayensi ehlukahlukene eyenziwe ngobuciko. I-National News Agency, i-National Broadcasting Corporation, i-National Ballet, i-National Opera nezinye izikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi yemvelo nezesayensi yezenhlalo zikazwelonke nazo zitholakala lapha.

I-Toronto futhi idolobha elidumile lezivakashi, ubuhle balo basemadolobheni nezindawo zemvelo kwenza abantu balibala. Isakhiwo esisha futhi esihlukile sabamele eToronto yisakhiwo esisha sikamasipala esisenkabeni yedolobha.Sinezingxenye ezintathu: izakhiwo ezimbili zamahhovisi ezimise okwe-arc ezinokuphakama okuhlukile zimi zibhekene, kanti phakathi kukhona ihholo lemicimbi elenziwe ngamakhowe. Kubukeka njengamagobolondo ezimbaza ezivulwe uhhafu aqukethe iparele.