Jamhuriyar Czech kasa ce mara iyaka da ke tsakiyar Turai, tana makwabtaka da Slovakiya ta gabas, Austria daga kudu, Poland daga arewa, da kuma Jamus a yamma.Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 78,866 kuma ya kunshi Czech Republic, Moravia da Silesia. Tana cikin kwaryar kwata-kwata da aka hawa ta bangarori uku Kasar tana da ni'ima, tare da tsaunukan Krkonoše a arewa, tsaunukan Sumava a kudu, da kuma tsaunukan Czech-Moravian a gabas da kudu maso gabas. Kasar tana da tsaunuka da ba su da girma, dazuzzuka masu kyau, da kyawawan wurare.Kasar ta kasu zuwa yankuna biyu, daya ita ce tsaunukan Bohemian da ke yammacin yamma, da kuma tsaunukan Carpathian da ke gabashin kasar.Wannan ya kunshi jerin abubuwa. Wanda aka tsara zuwa duwatsu.

Sanarwa

Jamhuriyar Czech, cikakken sunan Jamhuriyar Czech, asalinsa Czech ne da Tarayyar Slovak kuma ƙasa ce da ke da iyaka a tsakiyar Turai. Tana iyaka da Slovakia ta gabas, Austria daga kudu, Poland daga arewa, da kuma Jamus a yamma.Yana da fadin kilomita murabba'i 78,866 kuma ya kunshi Czech Republic, Moravia da Silesia. Yana cikin kwaryar kwata-kwata wanda aka hawa ta bangarori uku, kuma ƙasar tana da ni'ima. Akwai tsaunin Krkonoše a arewa, tsaunin Sumava a kudanci, da tsaunukan Czech-Moravian da matsakaicin tsawan mita 500-600 a gabas da kudu maso gabas. Yawancin yankuna a cikin ƙasan suna ƙasa da mita 500 sama da matakin teku, haɗe da Labe River Plain, Pilsen Basin, Erzgebirge Basin da kudancin tafkunan Czech da fadama. Kogin Vltava shine mafi tsayi kuma yana ratsawa ta Prague. Elbe ya samo asali ne daga Kogin Labe a cikin Czech Republic kuma ana iya kewaya shi. Yankin kwarin Morava-Oder na gabas yanki ne tsakanin Czech Basin da tsaunukan Slovak, ana kiransa Morava-Oder Corridor, kuma ya kasance muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin Arewacin Turai da Kudancin Turai tun zamanin da. Hasasar tana da tsaunuka da yawa, dazuzzuka da kyawawan wurare. An kasa kasar zuwa yankuna biyu na farko, daya ita ce tsaunukan Bohemian da ke yammacin yamma, da kuma tsaunukan Carpathian da ke gabashin rabi.Wannan ya kunshi jerin tsaunukan gabas zuwa yamma. Matsayi mafi girma shine Gerrachovsky Peak a tsawan mita 2655.

An kafa Ma'anar Satsuma a 623 AD. A shekara ta 830 AD, aka kafa Babbar Daular Moravian, ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haɗa da Czech, Slovak, da sauran ƙabilun Slavic da ke zaune tare a siyasance. A cikin karni na 9 miladiya, kasashen Czech da Slovak duk sun kasance wani bangare ne na daular Moravian mai girma. A farkon karni na 10, Babbar Daular Moravian ta wargaje kuma Czech sun kafa kasarsu mai cin gashin kanta, Principality Czech, wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa Czech Czech bayan karni na 12. A cikin karni na 15, yunkurin juyin juya halin Hussite akan Holy See, masarautar Jamusawa, da mulkin mallaka. A shekarar 1620, aka kayar da Masarautar Czech a cikin "Yakin shekaru talatin" kuma an mai da shi zuwa mulkin Habsburg. An dakatar da Serfdom a 1781. Bayan 1867, Masarautar Austro-Hungary ce ke mulkan ta. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Daular Austro-Hungary ta ruguje kuma aka kafa Jamhuriyar Czechoslovak a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1918. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙasashen Czech da Slovak sun fara samun ƙasarsu ɗaya.

A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1945, an 'yantar da Czechoslovakia tare da taimakon sojojin Soviet kuma sun maido da ƙasar gama gari. A cikin 1946, aka kafa gwamnatin hadaka karkashin jagorancin Gottwald. A watan Yulin 1960, Majalisar Kasar ta zartar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki kuma ta sauya sunan kasar zuwa Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Czechoslovak. A farkon Maris 1990, jamhuriyoyin ƙasa guda biyu sun soke "gurguzanci" a cikin sunayensu na asali kuma suka canza musu suna zuwa Czech Republic da Slovak Republic bi da bi. A ranar 29 ga Maris na wannan shekarar, Majalisar Tarayya ta Tarayya ta yanke shawarar sake sunan Jamhuriyar Czechoslovak Socialist Republic: Czechoslovak Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Czech; Czech-Slovak Tarayyar Jamhuriyar a Slovak, wato, wata kasa tana da sunaye biyu. Daga 1 ga Janairun 1993, Czech Republic da Slovakia sun zama ƙasashe biyu masu cin gashin kansu. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1993, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Jamhuriyar Czech a matsayin memba.

Tutar ƙasa: Yana da murabba'i mai kusurwa huɗu da faɗin 3: 2. Ya ƙunshi shuɗi, fari da ja. A gefen hagu akwai alwatika mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. A gefen dama akwai trapezoids iri biyu, fari a sama da ja a ƙasan. Launuka uku masu shuɗi, fari da ja sune launuka na gargajiya waɗanda mutanen Slavic suke so. Garin da Czech ta kasance ita ce tsohuwar daular Bohemia.Wannan masarauta tana ɗaukar ja da fari a matsayin launinta na ƙasa.Fari yana wakiltar tsarkaka da tsarki, kuma yana alamta neman mutane na zaman lafiya da haske, ja alama ce ta jarumtaka da rashin tsoro. Ruhun yana nuna jini da nasarar mutane don samun 'yanci,' yanci da ci gaban ƙasar. Launin shuɗi ya fito ne daga asalin mayafin makamai na Moravia da Slovakia.

Jamhuriyar Czech tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 10.21 (Mayu 2004). Babban kabilun shine Czech, wanda yakai kaso 81.3 cikin dari na jimillar al'umar tsohuwar Tarayyar. Sauran kabilun sun hada da Moravian (13.2%), Slovak, Jamusanci da kuma tsirarun mutanen Poland. Harshen hukuma shine Czech, kuma babban addinin shine Roman Katolika.

Jamhuriyar Czech asali asalin yanki ne na masana'antu na Daular Austro-Hungaria, kuma kashi 70% na masana'atunta sun mai da hankali a nan. Yana da mamaye masana'antun injuna, kayan aikin injina daban-daban, kayan wutar lantarki, jiragen ruwa, motoci, locomotives na lantarki, kayan mirgina karfe, masana'antar soja, da masana'antar haske da yadi.Haka kuma masana'antun sunadarai da gilashi sun bunkasa. Masaku, gyaran takalmi, da giyar giya duk sun shahara a duniya. Tushen masana'antu yana da karfi.Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, an canza asalin tsarin masana'antu, yana mai da hankali kan ci gaban masana'antar ƙarfe da manyan injuna. Masana'antu sun kai kashi 40% na GDP (1999). Jamhuriyar Czech ita ce babbar mai samarwa da kuma amfani da giya, kuma manyan abubuwan da take fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje sune Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, Austria da Amurka. Adadin giya da aka fitar a 1996 ya kai lita biliyan 1.83. A shekarar 1999, yawan cin giyar da ake yi a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech ya kai lita 161.1, wanda ya ninka lita 30, fiye da ta Jamus, babbar kasar da ke shan giya. Dangane da yawan shan giyar kowace mace, Jamhuriyar Czech ta kasance ta farko a duniya tsawon shekaru 7 a jere. Masana'antar sadarwa tana bunkasa cikin sauri A karshen shekarar 1998, yawan shigar wayar salula ya kusa zuwa 10%, kuma yawan masu amfani da wayoyin ya kai 930,000, ya zarce wasu kasashen yamma da suka ci gaba.

Manyan biranen

Prague: Prague, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech, ɗayan ɗayan kyawawan biranen Turai ne. Tana da dadadden tarihi kuma sanannen jan hankali ne na yawon bude ido, wanda aka fi sani da "littafin fasahar zane-zane", kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana shi a matsayin al'adun duniya. Prague tana tsakiyar Eurasia, a ƙetare bankunan Vltava River, wani yanki ne na Kogin Labe. An rarraba yankin birane a kan tsaunuka 7, wanda ke da fadin kilomita murabba'i 496 da yawan jama'a 1,098,855 (ƙididdiga a cikin Janairu 1996). Matsakaicin mafi ƙaranci shine mita 190 sama da matakin teku, kuma mafi girman wurin shine mita 380. Yanayin yana da nau'ikan nahiyoyi na tsakiya, tare da matsakaita zafin jiki na 19.5 ° C a watan Yuli da -0.5 ° C a cikin Janairu.

Shekaru dubbai, ɓangaren Kogin Vltava inda Prague take ya kasance wuri mai mahimmanci akan hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin Arewa da Kudancin Turai. A cewar tatsuniya, Gimbiya Libusch da mijinta, Premes, waɗanda suka kafa daular Premes (800 zuwa 1306) ne suka kafa Prague. Farkon sulhu a yankin Prague na yanzu ya fara ne a rabin rabin karni na 9, kuma an gina birnin Prague a shekara ta 928 AD. A cikin 1170, an gina gadar dutse ta farko akan Kogin Vltava. A cikin 1230, daular Czech ta kafa garin masarauta na farko a Prague. Daga ƙarni na 13 zuwa 15, Prague ta zama muhimmiyar cibiyar tattalin arziki, siyasa da al'adu ta Tsakiyar Turai. Daga 1346 zuwa 1378, Masarautar Rome mai tsarki da Sarki Charles na hudu na Bohemia sun kafa babban birni a Prague. A cikin 1344, Charles na hudu ya ba da umarnin gina St. Vitus Cathedral (wanda aka kammala a 1929), kuma a cikin 1357 aka gina Charles Bridge. A ƙarshen karni na 14, Prague ta zama ɗayan manyan biranen Turai ta Tsakiya kuma tana da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin sake fasalin addinin Turai. Bayan 1621, ta daina zama babban birnin Daular Rome. A cikin 1631 da 1638, Saxon da Sweden suka mamaye Prague a jere, kuma ta shiga lokacin koma baya.

Prague tana kewaye da tsaunuka da koguna kuma tana da wuraren tarihi da yawa. Tsoffin gine-gine suna tsaye a ɓangarorin biyu na Kogin Vltava, jere akan jere na Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, da Baroque. Yawancin gine-ginen da yawa na da yawa tare da dogayen hasumiya, ana mai da Prague da "Birnin Towers ɗari". A ƙarshen kaka, ginshiƙan hasumiyai na Huang Chengcheng a cikin wani yanki na gandun daji mai ganye-shuɗi, kuma ana kiran birnin "Golden Prague" Babban mawaƙin Goethe ya taɓa faɗi cewa: "Prague ita ce mafi daraja a cikin rawanin biranen da yawa da aka sanya kamar lu'ulu'u."

Rayuwar kiɗan gida Shahararren bikin baje kolin lokacin bazara na Prague ana yin sa kowace shekara. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana da al'ada mai zurfi, tare da gidajen kallo 15. Akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa da kuma wuraren baje kolin zane-zane a cikin birni, kuma akwai wuraren tarihi fiye da 1,700, kamar majami'ar St. Da kuma Lenin Museum.