Repubulika ya Ceki ni igihugu kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bwo hagati. Irahana imbibe na Silovakiya mu burasirazuba, Otirishiya mu majyepfo, Polonye mu majyaruguru, n'Ubudage mu burengerazuba. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 78.866 kandi igizwe na Repubulika ya Ceki, Moraviya na Silesiya. Iherereye mu kibaya cya mpande enye yazamuye impande eshatu.Ubutaka burumbuka, imisozi ya Krkonoše mu majyaruguru, imisozi ya Sumava mu majyepfo, n'ikibaya cya Ceki-Moraviya mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba. Igihugu gifite imisozi ihindagurika, amashyamba yinzitane, hamwe n’ahantu nyaburanga.Igihugu kigabanyijemo uturere tubiri, imwe ni imisozi ya Bohemian mu gice cy’iburengerazuba, n’imisozi ya Karipati mu gice cy’iburasirazuba. Igizwe nuruhererekane rwibintu Igizwe n'imisozi.

Overview

Repubulika ya Ceki, izina ryuzuye rya Repubulika ya Ceki, mu ntangiriro yari Repubulika ya Ceki na Silovakiya kandi ni igihugu kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bwo hagati. Irahana imbibe na Silovakiya mu burasirazuba, Otirishiya mu majyepfo, Polonye mu majyaruguru, n'Ubudage mu burengerazuba. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 78.866 kandi igizwe na Repubulika ya Ceki, Moraviya na Silesiya. Ari mu kibaya cya mpande enye yazamuye impande eshatu, kandi ubutaka burumbuka. Hariho umusozi wa Krkonoše mu majyaruguru, umusozi wa Sumava mu majyepfo, n'ikibaya cya Ceki-Moraviya gifite uburebure bwa metero 500-600 mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba. Uturere twinshi two mu kibaya turi munsi ya metero 500 hejuru y’inyanja, harimo ikibaya cy’umugezi wa Labe, ikibaya cya Pilsen, ikibaya cya Erzgebirge n’ibiyaga n’ibishanga byo mu majyepfo ya Ceki. Umugezi wa Vltava niwo muremure kandi unyura muri Prague. Elbe ikomoka ku mugezi wa Labe muri Repubulika ya Ceki kandi irashobora kugenda. Agace ko mu burasirazuba bwa Morava-Oder ni agace kari hagati y’ikibaya cya Ceki n’imisozi ya Silovakiya, cyitwa koridor ya Morava-Oder, kandi kikaba inzira y’ubucuruzi ikomeye hagati y’Uburayi bw’Amajyaruguru n’Amajyepfo kuva kera. Igihugu gifite imisozi ihindagurika, amashyamba yinzitane n’ahantu heza. Igihugu kigabanyijemo uturere tubiri. Imwe ni imisozi miremire ya Bohemian mu gice cy’iburengerazuba, n’imisozi ya Karipati mu gice cy’iburasirazuba. Igizwe nuruhererekane rw’imisozi y'iburasirazuba-uburengerazuba. Ahantu hirengeye ni Impinga ya Gerrachovsky ku butumburuke bwa metero 2655.

Ubutware bwa Satsuma bwashinzwe mu 623 nyuma ya Yesu. Mu 830 nyuma ya Yesu, ubwami bukomeye bwa Moraviya bwashinzwe, buba igihugu cya mbere kirimo Ceki, Silovakiya, n’andi moko y’Abasilave babana muri politiki. Mu kinyejana cya 9 nyuma ya Yesu, ibihugu bya Ceki na Silovakiya byombi byari bigize Ingoma nini ya Moraviya. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 10, Ingoma nini ya Moraviya yarasenyutse maze Abanya Ceki bashiraho igihugu cyabo cyigenga, Igikomangoma cya Tchèque, cyiswe Ubwami bwa Ceki nyuma y'ikinyejana cya 12. Mu kinyejana cya 15, havutse impinduramatwara ya Hussite yo kurwanya Holy Holy, abanyacyubahiro b'Abadage, n'ubutegetsi bwa feodal. Mu 1620, Ubwami bwa Ceki bwatsinzwe mu "Ntambara y'Imyaka mirongo itatu" maze bugabanywa ku butegetsi bwa Habsburg. Ubusambanyi bwavanyweho mu 1781. Nyuma ya 1867, yategekwaga n'Ingoma ya Australiya-Hongiriya. Nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, Ingoma ya Otirishiya na Hongiriya yarasenyutse maze Repubulika ya Cekosolovakiya ishingwa ku ya 28 Ukwakira 1918. Kuva icyo gihe, ibihugu bya Ceki na Silovakiya byatangiye kugira igihugu cyabyo.

Ku ya 9 Gicurasi 1945, Cekosolovakiya yarabohowe hifashishijwe ingabo z'Abasoviyeti maze isubiza igihugu rusange. Mu 1946, hashyizweho guverinoma ihuriweho na Gottwald. Muri Nyakanga 1960, Inteko ishinga amategeko yemeje itegeko nshinga rishya maze ihindura izina ry’igihugu ryitwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Cekosolovakiya. Mu ntangiriro za Werurwe 1990, repubulika zombi z’igihugu zahagaritse "abasosiyalisiti" mu mazina y’umwimerere maze zita izina rya Repubulika ya Ceki na Repubulika ya Silovakiya. Ku ya 29 Werurwe muri uwo mwaka, Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Ceki yafashe icyemezo cyo guhindura izina rya Repubulika y’Abasosiyalisiti ya Cekosolovakiya: Repubulika ya Cekosolovakiya muri Tchèque; Repubulika ya Ceki-Slowakiya muri Silovakiya, ni ukuvuga ko igihugu kimwe gifite amazina abiri. Kuva ku ya 1 Mutarama 1993, Repubulika ya Ceki na Slowakiya byabaye ibihugu bibiri byigenga. Ku ya 19 Mutarama 1993, Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeye Repubulika ya Ceki nk’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango.

Ibendera ry'igihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cy'uburebure n'ubugari bwa 3: 2. Igizwe n'ubururu, umweru n'umutuku. Ibumoso hari inyabutatu isosceles y'ubururu. Iburyo hari trapezoide ebyiri zingana, cyera hejuru naho umutuku hepfo. Amabara atatu yubururu, umweru numutuku ni amabara gakondo abantu b'Abasilave bakunda. Umujyi yavukiyemo wa Tchèque ni ubwami bwa kera bwa Bohemia.Ubwo bwami bufata umutuku n'umweru nk'amabara y'igihugu. Umweru ugereranya ubweranda n'ubwiza, kandi ugereranya abantu bakurikirana amahoro n'umucyo; umutuku ugereranya ubutwari n'ubwoba. Umwuka ushushanya amaraso nitsinzi yabaturage kubwigenge, kwibohora no gutera imbere kwigihugu. Ibara ry'ubururu riva mu ikoti ry'umwimerere rya Moraviya na Slowakiya.

Repubulika ya Ceki ituwe na miliyoni 10.21 (Gicurasi 2004). Ubwoko nyamukuru ni Tchèque, bangana na 81.3% by'abaturage bose bahoze ari Repubulika ya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika.Ayandi moko arimo Abamoraviya (13.2%), Igisilovaki, Ikidage ndetse n'Abanyapolonye bake. Ururimi rwemewe ni Ceki, kandi idini nyamukuru ni Gatolika ya Roma.

Repubulika ya Ceki yari agace k’inganda mu bwami bwa Otirishiya na Hongiriya, kandi 70% by’inganda zayo byibanze hano. Yiganjemo gukora imashini, ibikoresho bitandukanye byimashini, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, amato, amamodoka, lokomoteri, ibikoresho bizunguruka ibyuma, inganda za gisirikare, ninganda zoroheje n’imyenda.Inganda zikora imiti n’ibirahure nazo zateye imbere ugereranije. Imyenda, kudoda inkweto, no kunywa byeri byose bizwi kwisi. Urufatiro rw’inganda rurakomeye.Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, imiterere y’inganda yambere yarahinduwe, yibanda ku iterambere ry’inganda n’imashini ziremereye. Inganda zagize 40% bya GDP (1999). Repubulika ya Tchèque n’umusemburo ukomeye kandi ukoresha inzoga, kandi intego nyamukuru yohereza mu mahanga ni Slowakiya, Polonye, ​​Ubudage, Otirishiya na Amerika. Inzoga zose zasohotse muri 1996 zageze kuri litiro miliyari 1.83. Mu 1999, kunywa inzoga kuri buri muntu muri Repubulika ya Ceki byageze kuri litiro 161.1, ibyo bikaba byari litiro 30 ugereranije n'Ubudage, igihugu kinini gikoresha inzoga. Ku bijyanye no kunywa inzoga kuri buri muntu, Repubulika ya Ceki iza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi mu myaka 7 ikurikiranye. Inganda z'itumanaho ziratera imbere byihuse.Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1998, umubare wa telefoni zigendanwa winjiye hafi 10%, kandi umubare w'abakoresha telefone zigendanwa wageze ku 930.000, urenga ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byateye imbere mu burengerazuba.

Imijyi minini

Prague: Prague, umurwa mukuru wa Repubulika ya Ceki, ni umwe mu mijyi myiza cyane mu Burayi. Ifite amateka maremare kandi ikurura ba mukerarugendo bazwi cyane ku isi, izwi ku izina rya "igitabo cy’ubukorikori", kandi yatangajwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye. Prague iherereye hagati ya Aziya, hakurya y'uruzi rwa Vltava, uruzi rw'umugezi wa Labe. Agace ko mumijyi kagabanijwe kumisozi 7, gafite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 496 nabaturage 1.098,855 (imibare muri Mutarama 1996). Ahantu harehare ni metero 190 hejuru yinyanja, naho hejuru ni metero 380. Ikirere gifite ubwoko busanzwe bwo ku mugabane wo hagati, ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 19.5 ° C muri Nyakanga na -0.5 ° C muri Mutarama.

Mu myaka ibihumbi, igice cyumugezi wa Vltava aho Prague giherereye ni umwanya wingenzi mumihanda yubucuruzi hagati yuburayi bwamajyaruguru namajyepfo. Dukurikije imigani, Prague yashinzwe n'Umwamikazi Libusch n'umugabo we, Premes, washinze ingoma ya Premes (800 kugeza 1306). Gutura hakiri kare ahahoze hitwa Prague byatangiye mu gice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 9, naho umujyi wa Prague wubatswe mu 928 nyuma ya Yesu. Mu 1170, ikiraro cya mbere cyamabuye cyubatswe ku ruzi rwa Vltava. Mu 1230, ingoma ya Ceki yashinze umugi wa mbere wa cyami i Prague. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 13 kugeza mu cya 15, Prague yabaye ikigo gikomeye cy'ubukungu, politiki n'umuco byo mu Burayi bwo hagati. Kuva mu 1346 kugeza mu wa 1378, Ingoma ntagatifu y'Abaroma n'Umwami Charles IV wa Bohemia bashinze umurwa mukuru i Prague. Mu 1344, Charles IV yategetse kubaka Katedrali yitiriwe Mutagatifu Vitus (yarangiye mu 1929), maze mu 1357 hubakwa ikiraro cya Charles. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 14, Prague yari yarabaye umwe mu mijyi ikomeye yo mu Burayi bwo hagati kandi yari ifite umwanya ukomeye mu ivugurura ry'amadini ry’i Burayi. Nyuma ya 1621, yaretse kuba umurwa mukuru w'Ingoma y'Abaroma. Mu 1631 na 1638, Abasajya n'Abanyasuwede bigaruriye Prague bikurikiranye, kandi kuva icyo gihe byinjiye mu gihe cyo kugabanuka.

Prague ikikijwe n'imisozi n'inzuzi kandi ifite amateka menshi. Inyubako za kera zihagaze ku nkombe z'umugezi wa Vltava, umurongo ku murongo wa Romanesque, Gothique, Renaissance, na Baroque. Inyubako nyinshi za kera zuzuyemo iminara miremire, bituma Prague izwi ku izina rya "Umujyi wa Towers ijana". Mu mpeshyi irangiye, spire yiminara ya Huang Chengcheng mugice cyishyamba ryibabi ryumuhondo rifite urumuri rwa zahabu, umujyi witwa "Prague Zahabu". Umusizi ukomeye Goethe yigeze kuvuga ati: "Prague nigiciro cyinshi mu makamba yimijyi myinshi yometseho imitako."

Ubuzima bwumuziki waho Igitaramo kizwi cyane cya Prague Spring kiba buri mwaka. Ikinamico ifite umuco gakondo, hamwe namakinamico 15. Muri uyu mujyi hari ingoro ndangamurage n’ubugeni by’ubuhanzi.Hariho inzibutso zirenga 1.700 zemewe, nk'Itorero rikomeye rya Mutagatifu Vito, Ingoro nziza ya Prague, Ikiraro cya Charles gifite agaciro gakomeye mu buhanzi, hamwe na Theatre y’amateka; Inzu Ndangamurage ya Lenin.