Cov koom pheej Czech yog ib lub teb chaws nyob hauv nruab nrab Europe. Nws muaj ciam teb ntawm Slovakia mus rau sab hnub tuaj, Austria mus rau sab qab teb, Poland sab qaum teb, thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau sab hnub poob. Nws nyob hauv lub viav plaub fab xwm txheej nyob rau peb sab. Cov av muaj av, nrog Krkonoše Toj siab nyob rau sab qaum teb, Toj Siab Sumava nyob rau sab qab teb, thiab Czech-Moravian toj siab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab yav qab teb. Lub teb chaws muaj toj roob hauv pes tsawg, hav zoov tuab, thiab thaj chaw zoo nkauj. Lub teb chaws tau muab faib ua ob thaj chaw, ib qho yog Bohemian Highlands nyob rau sab hnub poob, thiab roob Carpathian nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ib nrab. Nws muaj ntau yam Tsim ntawm lub roob.

Overview

Czech Republic, lub npe tag nrho ntawm Czech koom pheej, Ameslikas koom nrog Czech koom pheej thiab Slovak Federal Republic, yog thaj av ntawm lub tebchaws nruab nrab ntawm teb chaws Europe. Nws nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Slovakia mus rau sab hnub tuaj, Austria mus rau sab qab teb, Poland rau sab qaum teb, thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees mus rau sab hnub poob. Nws npog thaj tsam ntawm 78,866 square kilometers thiab muaj cov koom pheej Czech, Moravia thiab Silesia. Nws yog nyob rau hauv plaub fab viav vias tsa ntawm peb sab, thiab thaj av yog fertile. Muaj lub Roob Krkonoše nyob rau sab qaum teb, lub Roob Sumava nyob rau sab qab teb, thiab lub roob siab Czech-Moravian nrog qhov nruab nrab qhov nruab nrab ntawm 500-600 meters nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Feem ntau thaj chaw hauv qab phiab yog qis dua 500 metres siab tshaj hiav txwv hiav txwv, suav nrog Labe Dej tiaj, Pilsen Phiab, Erzgebirge Phiab thiab yav qab teb Czech pas dej thiab marshes. Tus dej Vltava ntev tshaj plaws thiab ntws los ntawm Prague. Tus Elbe pib los ntawm Labe Dej nyob hauv Czech koom pheej thiab kev mus ncig ua ke tau. Lub cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj Morava-Oder hav yog thaj chaw ntawm Czech Basin thiab roob roob Slovak, hu ua Morava-Oder txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, thiab tau ua txoj kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm Qaum Teb mus rau Tebchaws Europe txij li puag thaum ub los. Lub teb chaws muaj undulating toj, hav zoov tuab thiab qhov zoo nkauj scenery. Lub tebchaws tau muab faib ua ob thaj chaw, ib qho yog Bohemian Highlands nyob rau sab hnub poob, thiab Carpathian Toj siab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ib nrab. Nws muaj ntau lub sijhawm nyob sab hnub tuaj - sab hnub poob. Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog Gerrachovsky Peak ntawm qhov siab ntawm 2655 meters.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Satsuma raug tsim muaj hauv 623 AD. Hauv 830 AD, Lub Tebchaws Moravian tau tsim tsa, los ua thawj lub tebchaws uas suav nrog Czechs, Slovaks thiab lwm pawg neeg Slavic sib sau ua ke rau kev nom tswv. Hauv xyoo pua 9, AD, cov tebchaws Czech thiab Slovak yog ob feem ntawm Great Moravian Empire. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 10, Great Moravian faj tim teb chaws tau tawg thiab Czechs tau tsim lawv tus kheej lub teb chaws ywj pheej, yog tus thawj xibfwb Czech, uas tau hloov npe ua lub Tebchaws Czech tom qab xyoo pua 12. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15, Hussite tawm tsam kev tawm tsam tus Vaj Saib Xyuas, Kev muaj koob muaj npe hauv German, thiab txoj cai feudal tau tsoo. Xyoo 1620, Czech tebchaws tau swb ntawm "Peb caug xyoo Tsov Rog" thiab tau txo qis rau txoj cai Habsburg. Serfdom tau muab tshem tawm xyoo 1781. Tom qab 1867, nws tau kav los ntawm Austro-Hungarian teb chaws Ottoman. Tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Thib Ib, Lub Tebchaws Austro-Hungarian tau vau thiab Czechoslovak Republic tau tsim rau thaum Lub Kaum Hli 28, 1918. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub tebchaws Czech thiab Slovak tau pib muaj lawv lub tebchaws.

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 9, 1945, Czechoslovakia tau kev ywj pheej nrog kev pab los ntawm pab tub rog Soviet thiab tau rov kho lub xeev zoo ib yam. Xyoo 1946, tseemfwv tsoomfwv qib siab uas yog Gottwald tau teeb tsa. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1960, Pawg Neeg Tawm Tsam Tebchaws tau dhau txoj cai tshiab thiab hloov lub teb chaws hloov mus rau hauv Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Thaum pib ntawm lub Peb Hlis 1990, ob lub teb chaws cov koom pheej tau muab thawj lub npe "socialism" thiab pauv npe rau lawv lub Czech koom pheej thiab Slovak Republic feem. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 29 ntawm tib lub xyoo, Czech Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws tau txiav txim siab hloov npe lub npe ntawm Czechoslovak Socialist Republic: Czechoslovak Tsoomfwv Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws ntawm Czech; Czech-Slovak Tsoomfwv Tebchaws Tsoomfwv hauv Slovak, uas yog, ib lub tebchaws muaj ob lub npe. Txij Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1993, Czech koom pheej thiab Slovakia los ua ob lub teb chaws ywj pheej. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19, 1993, United Nations General Assembly tau lees txais lub Czech koom pheej ua ib lub xeev.

Lub teb chaws chij: Nws yog plaub nrog cov lus qhia kom ntev li ntawm 3: 2. Nws muaj li ntawm xiav, dawb thiab liab. Ntawm sab laug yog xiav daim duab peb sab isosceles. Ntawm sab xis yog ob qho sib luag trapezoids, dawb saum thiab liab rau hauv qab. Qhov peb xim ntawm xiav, dawb thiab liab yog cov xim tsoos uas cov neeg Slavic nyiam. Lub hometown ntawm Czechs yog lub tebchaws yav dhau los ntawm Bohemia. Lub tebchaws no suav liab thiab dawb raws li nws lub teb chaws cov xim. Dawb sawv cev dawb huv thiab dawb huv, thiab piv txwv txog cov neeg ua raws li kev thaj yeeb thiab lub teeb; liab lub cim qhia txog kev ua siab tawv thiab tsis ntshai. Tus ntsuj plig ua lub cim pub rau cov ntshav thiab kev kov yeej ntawm tib neeg rau kev ywj pheej, kev ywj pheej thiab kev vam meej ntawm lub teb chaws. Cov xim xiav los ntawm thawj lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Moravia thiab Slovakia.

Czech Republic muaj cov pej xeem ntawm 10.21 lab (Tsib Hlis 2004). Cov haiv neeg tseem ceeb yog Czech, suav txog 81.3% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm yav dhau los Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Lwm Lwm pawg neeg suav nrog Moravian (13.2%), Slovak, German, thiab ib qho me me ntawm Polish. Cov lus raug yog Czech, thiab kev ntseeg lub ntsiab yog Roman Catholicism.

Czech koom pheej yog thawj thaj chaw ua haujlwm ntawm Austro-Hungarian teb chaws, thiab 70% kev lag luam tau tsom ntawm no. Nws yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv tshuab ua khoom, ntau yam khoom siv tshuab, khoom siv fais fab, nkoj, lub tsheb, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hlau, ua lag luam tub rog, thiab kev lag luam textile. Cov ntaub, xaws khaub ncaws, thiab npias tsoo yog txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb. Lub hauv paus kev lag luam yog muaj zog heev. Tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, cov qauv kev hloov kho khoom qub tau hloov pauv, tsom mus rau kev tsim kho cov hlau thiab cov tshuab loj hauv kev lag luam. Kev lag luam suav rau 40% ntawm GDP (1999). Lub Czech koom pheej yog cov tseem ceeb tsim khoom thiab cov neeg siv npias, thiab nws lub hom phiaj xa tawm tseem ceeb yog Slovakia, Poland, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Austria thiab Tebchaws Meskas. Tag nrho cov npias tso tawm hauv 1996 tau txog 1,83 billion litres. Xyoo 1999, kev haus dej haus cawv ib zaug hauv Czech koom pheej tau txog 161,1 litres, uas yog 30 litres ntau dua li ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, ib lub teb chaws haus npias ntau. Hais txog kev haus luam yeeb ib pob zuj zus, cov koom pheej Czech tau teev thawj hauv ntiaj teb 7 xyoo sib law liag. Kev lag luam kev sib txuas lus tau tsim kho sai heev. Thaum kawg ntawm 1998, tus lej ntawm cov neeg siv xov tooj ntawm tes tau ze txog 10%, thiab cov neeg siv xov tooj ntawm tes tau mus txog 930,000, dhau ntawm qee lub tebchaws vam meej thaj.

Lub nroog loj

Prague: Prague, lub nroog ntawm Czech koom pheej, yog ib lub nroog uas zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Nws muaj keeb kwm ntev thiab yog qhov ua rau neeg nyiam mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb, lub npe hu ua "phau ntawv kos duab kos duab", thiab tau tshaj tawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm United Nations. Prague nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm Eurasia, hla tus ntug dej ntawm Vltava Tus Dej, ib qhov dej ntawm tus dej Labe. Lub nroog loj tau muab faib rau 7 toj, muaj thaj tsam ntawm 496 square km thiab thaj tsam ntawm 1,098,855 tus neeg (cov txheeb cais thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1996). Qhov qis tshaj yog 190 metres siab tshaj hiav txwv, thiab qhov chaw siab tshaj yog 380 meters. Qhov kev nyab xeeb muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov haiv neeg txuas ntxiv, nrog qhov kub nruab nrab ntawm 19.5 ° C thaum Lub Xya Hli thiab -0.5 ° C thaum Lub Ib Hlis.

Tau ntau txhiab xyoo, ntu ntawm Vltava Dej uas Prague nyob yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev ua lag luam ntawm North thiab South Europe. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Prague tau tsim los ntawm Ntxhais Vaj Ntxwv Libusch thiab nws tus txiv, Premes, tus tsim ntawm Premes Dynasty (800 rau 1306). Qhov teeb meem ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw tam sim no ntawm Prague pib nyob rau lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm xyoo pua 9, thiab lub nroog Prague tau tsim tsa xyoo 928 AD. Hauv 1170, thawj tus choj pob zeb tau tsim rau ntawm Vltava Dej. Nyob rau hauv 1230, lub Czech dynasty tsim thawj lub nroog huab tais hauv Prague. Los ntawm 13th mus rau 15th caug xyoo, Prague los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam, kev nom kev tswv thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm Central Europe. Los ntawm 1346 txog 1378, Vaj Qhia Roman faj tim teb chaws thiab King Charles IV ntawm Bohemia txhim tsa lub peev hauv Prague. Xyoo 1344, Charles IV tau xaj kev tsim ntawm St. Vitus Cathedral (ua tiav xyoo 1929), thiab xyoo 1357 Charles Choj tau tsim. Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua mus. VIII, Prague tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov nroog tseem ceeb hauv Nruab Nrab Tebchaws Europe thiab muaj txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov kev cai dab qhuas European. Tom qab xyoo 1621, nws tsis muaj lub peev txheej ntawm lub tebchaws Roman. Nyob rau hauv 1631 thiab 1638, Cov Saxons thiab cov Swedes ua tiav Prague, thiab nws nkag mus rau lub sijhawm.

Prague muaj puag ncig cov roob thiab dej ntws thiab muaj ntau qhov chaw keeb kwm. Cov vaj tse qub sawv ntawm ob sab ntawm Vltava Dej, uake rau ntawm Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, thiab Baroque cov tsev. Ntau lub tsev txheej thaum ub tau coob heev nrog cov pej thuam siab, ua rau Prague lub npe hu ua "Lub Nroog Ntawm Lub Tsev Yees Ntau Ntau". Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg lub caij nplooj zeeg, tus npau taws ntawm Huang Chengcheng tus yees hauv ib daig daj-daj hav zoov nrog lub teeb kub, thiab lub nroog hu ua "Golden Prague". Tus kws sau paj lug Goethe ib zaug tau hais tias: "Prague yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov yas ntawm ntau lub nroog tsis xws li cov khoom zoo nkauj." Lub Prague Kev Ua Yeeb Yam Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav uas muaj npe nyob rau txhua xyoo. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam muaj cov kab ke zoo, nrog 15 tus ua yeeb yam. Muaj ntau lub tsev khaws khoom qub thiab cov duab kos duab hauv lub nroog, thiab muaj ntau dua 1,700 qhov chaw tso cai, xws li lub tsev teev ntuj qub qab St. Vitus, lub tsev zoo nkauj Prague Palace, Charles Choj uas muaj cov txuj ci siab, thiab keeb kwm National Theatre. Thiab Tsev khaws puav pheej Lenin.