Czech Republic ndi dziko lopanda malo pakati pa Europe. Limadutsa Slovakia kum'mawa, Austria kumwera, Poland kumpoto, ndi Germany kumadzulo. Ili ndi dera lalikulu ma 78,866 ma kilomita ndipo lili ndi Czech Republic, Moravia ndi Silesia. Ili m'chigawo chokhala ndi mbali zinayi zokwezedwa mbali zitatu. Dzikolo ndilolemera, ndi mapiri a Krkonoše kumpoto, mapiri a Sumava kumwera, ndi dera lakutali la Czech-Moravia kum'mawa ndi kumwera chakum'mawa. Dzikoli lili ndi mapiri, nkhalango zowirira, komanso malo okongola. Dzikoli lagawika magawo awiri, gawo limodzi ndi mapiri a Bohemian kumadzulo, ndi mapiri a Carpathian kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Yopangidwa kulowera kumapiri.

Zowonongeka

Czech Republic, dzina lonse la Czech Republic, lomwe poyamba linali la Czech Republic ndi Slovak Federal Republic, ndi dziko lopanda malire pakatikati pa Europe. Imadutsa Slovakia kum'mawa, Austria kumwera, Poland kumpoto, ndi Germany kumadzulo. Ili ndi dera lalikulu ma 78,866 ma kilomita ndipo ili ndi Czech Republic, Moravia ndi Silesia. Ili m'chigawo cha quadrilateral chokwezedwa mbali zitatu, ndipo nthaka ndi yachonde. Kuli phiri la Krkonoše kumpoto, Phiri la Sumava kumwera, ndi chigwa cha Czech-Moravia chokwera pafupifupi 500-600 mita kum'mawa ndi kumwera chakum'mawa. Madera ambiri mu beseni ali pansi pa 500 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, kuphatikiza Labe River Plain, Pilsen Basin, Erzgebirge Basin ndi nyanja yakumwera ya Czech ndi madambo. Mtsinje wa Vltava ndiwotalika kwambiri ndipo umadutsa ku Prague. Elbe amachokera mumtsinje wa Labe ku Czech Republic ndipo amatha kuyenda panyanja. Chigawo chakum'mawa kwa Morava-Oder ndi dera pakati pa Czech Basin ndi mapiri aku Slovakia, otchedwa Morava-Oder Corridor, ndipo wakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yamalonda pakati pa Kumpoto ndi Kummwera kwa Europe kuyambira nthawi zakale. Dzikoli lili ndi mapiri, nkhalango zowirira komanso malo owoneka bwino. Dzikoli lagawika magawo awiri: Limodzi ndi mapiri a Bohemian kumadzulo, ndi mapiri a Carpathian kum'mwera chakum'mawa.Muli mapiri angapo akum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. Malo okwera kwambiri ndi Gerrachovsky Peak pamtunda wamamita 2655.

Akuluakulu a Satsuma adakhazikitsidwa mu 623 AD. Mu 830 AD, Ufumu Waukulu wa Moravia unakhazikitsidwa, kukhala dziko loyamba lomwe limaphatikizira ma Czech, Slovaks ndi mafuko ena achisilavo kusonkhana pamodzi pandale. M'zaka za zana la 9 AD, mayiko aku Czech ndi Slovak onse anali mbali ya Ufumu Waukulu wa Moravia. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi, Ufumu Waukulu wa Moravia unasokonekera ndipo ma Czech adakhazikitsa dziko lawo lodziyimira pawokha, Czech Principality, yomwe idadzatchedwa Czech Kingdom pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 12. M'zaka za zana la 15, gulu loukira boma la a Hussite lotsutsana ndi Holy See, olemekezeka aku Germany, ndi ulamuliro wamayiko. Mu 1620, Czech Kingdom idagonjetsedwa mu "Nkhondo Ya Zaka Makumi Atatu" ndipo idatsitsidwa kukhala ulamuliro wa Habsburg. Serfdom adathetsedwa mu 1781. Pambuyo pa 1867, idalamulidwa ndi Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary udagwa ndipo Czechoslovak Republic idakhazikitsidwa pa Okutobala 28, 1918. Kuyambira pamenepo, mayiko aku Czech ndi Slovak adayamba kukhala ndi dziko lawo lonse.

Pa Meyi 9, 1945, Czechoslovakia idamasulidwa mothandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Soviet ndikubwezeretsa boma wamba. Mu 1946, boma logwirizana lotsogozedwa ndi Gottwald lidakhazikitsidwa. Mu Julayi 1960, Nyumba Yamalamulo Yapadziko Lonse idakhazikitsa lamulo latsopano ndikusintha dzina la dzikolo kukhala Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Kumayambiriro kwa Marichi 1990, mayiko awiriwa adathetsa dzina loyambirira "socialism" ndipo adalitcha Czech Republic ndi Slovak Republic motsatana. Pa Marichi 29 chaka chomwecho, Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Czech idasankha kutchulanso dzina la Czechoslovak Socialist Republic: Czechoslovak Federal Republic ku Czech; Czech-Slovak Federal Republic ku Slovak, ndiye kuti, dziko limodzi lili ndi mayina awiri. Kuyambira pa 1 Januware 1993, Czech Republic ndi Slovakia zidakhala mayiko awiri odziyimira pawokha. Pa Januware 19, 1993, United Nations General Assembly idavomereza Czech Republic ngati membala.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi yaying'ono yamakona anayi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwa 3: 2. Amapangidwa ndi buluu, yoyera komanso yofiira. Kumanzere kuli makona atatu a isosceles. Kumanja kuli ma trapezoid awiri ofanana, oyera pamwamba ndi ofiira pansi. Mitundu itatu ya buluu, yoyera komanso yofiira ndi mitundu yachikhalidwe yomwe Asilavo amakonda. Mzinda wakwawo ku Czechs ndi ufumu wakale wa Bohemia.Ufumuwu umawona kufiira ndi yoyera ngati mitundu yake.Woyera imayimira kupatulika ndi kuyera, ndikuwonetsera anthu kutsatira mtendere ndi kuunika; kufiyira kumatanthauza kulimba mtima komanso kupanda mantha. Mzimuwo umaimira magazi ndi chipambano cha anthu pa ufulu, kumasulidwa ndi kutukuka kwa dzikolo. Mtundu wabuluu umachokera pachovala choyambirira cha Moravia ndi Slovakia.

Czech Republic ili ndi anthu 10.21 miliyoni (Meyi 2004). Fuko lalikulu ndi Czech, limawerengera anthu 81.3% mwa anthu onse omwe kale anali Federal Republic. Chilankhulo chachikulu ndi Czech, ndipo chipembedzo chachikulu ndi Roma Katolika.

Czech Republic poyamba inali malo ogulitsa mafakitale a Austro-Hungary Empire, ndipo 70% yamakampani ake anali okhazikika pano. Imayang'aniridwa ndimakina opanga, zida zosiyanasiyana zamakina, zida zamagetsi, zombo, magalimoto, sitima zamagetsi, zida zopangira zitsulo, makampani azankhondo, ndi zovala. Makampani opanga mankhwala ndi magalasi nawonso amapangidwa. Nsalu, kupanga nsapato, ndi moŵa ndi zonse zotchuka padziko lonse. Maziko a mafakitale ndi olimba. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, makina oyambilira adasinthidwa, kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga zitsulo ndi makina olemera. Makampani amawerengera 40% ya GDP (1999). Czech Republic ndi yomwe imapanga komanso kugulitsa mowa, ndipo cholinga chake chachikulu chotumiza kunja ndi Slovakia, Poland, Germany, Austria ndi United States. Kuchuluka kwa mowa mu 1996 kudafika malita 1.83 biliyoni. Mu 1999, mowa wa munthu aliyense ku Czech Republic udafika pa malita 161.1, omwe anali malita 30 kuposa a ku Germany, dziko lomwe limamwa kwambiri mowa. Ponena za kumwa mowa mwa munthu mmodzi, Czech Republic yakhala yoyamba padziko lapansi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsatizana. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1998, kuchuluka kwa mafoni m'manja kunali pafupifupi 10%, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito matelefoni amafikira 930,000, kuposa mayiko otukuka Akumadzulo.

Mizinda ikuluikulu

Prague: Prague, likulu la Czech Republic, ndi umodzi mwamizinda yokongola kwambiri ku Europe. Ili ndi mbiri yakalekale ndipo ndi malo otchuka okaona malo, omwe amadziwika kuti "buku la zomangamanga", ndipo adalengezedwa kuti ndi cholowa chachikhalidwe padziko lonse ndi United Nations. Prague ili pakatikati pa Eurasia, kudutsa magombe a Mtsinje wa Vltava, womwe umadutsa mumtsinje wa Labe. Dera lamatawuni ligawidwa pamapiri 7, okhala ndi makilomita 496 lalikulu ndi anthu 1,098,855 (ziwerengero mu Januware 1996). Malo otsika kwambiri ndi mamita 190 pamwamba pa nyanja, ndipo malo okwera kwambiri ndi mamita 380. Nyengo imakhala ndi mtundu wapakati wapakati, wokhala ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 19.5 ° C mu Julayi ndi -0.5 ° C mu Januware.

Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, gawo la Mtsinje wa Vltava komwe Prague ilipo lakhala lofunika pamsewu wamalonda pakati pa North ndi South Europe. Malinga ndi nthano, Prague idakhazikitsidwa ndi Princess Libusch ndi amuna awo, Premes, yemwe anayambitsa Premes Dynasty (800 mpaka 1306). Kukhazikika koyambirira patsamba lino la Prague kudayamba theka lachiwiri la 9th century, ndipo mzinda wa Prague adamangidwa mu 928 AD. Mu 1170, mlatho woyamba wamwala udamangidwa pamtsinje wa Vltava. Mu 1230, mafumu achi Czech adakhazikitsa mzinda woyamba wachifumu ku Prague. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 13 mpaka 15, Prague idakhala likulu lofunika lazachuma, ndale komanso chikhalidwe ku Central Europe. Kuyambira 1346 mpaka 1378, Ufumu Woyera wa Roma ndi King Charles IV waku Bohemia adakhazikitsa likulu ku Prague. Mu 1344, Charles IV adalamula kuti kumangidwa kwa St. Vitus Cathedral (yomwe idamalizidwa mu 1929), ndipo mu 1357 Charles Bridge idamangidwa. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 14, Prague anali atakhala umodzi mwamizinda ikuluikulu ku Central Europe ndipo anali ndi udindo wofunikira pakusintha kwachipembedzo ku Europe. Pambuyo pa 1621, udasiya kukhala likulu la Ufumu wa Roma. Mu 1631 ndi 1638, a Saxon ndi a Sweden adalanda Prague motsatizana, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyi adayamba kuchepa.

Prague yazunguliridwa ndi mapiri ndi mitsinje ndipo ili ndi malo ambiri azambiri zakale. Nyumba zakale zimakhala mbali zonse ziwiri za Mtsinje wa Vltava, mzere pamzere wa nyumba zachi Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, ndi Baroque. Nyumba zambiri zakale zimakhala ndi nsanja zazitali, zomwe zimapangitsa Prague kudziwika kuti "Mzinda wa Nyumba Zambiri". Chakumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, mphepo ya Huang Chengcheng imadutsa m'nkhalango ya masamba achikaso yokhala ndi kuwala kwa golide, ndipo mzindawu umatchedwa "Golden Prague". Wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu Goethe nthawi ina adati: "Prague ndiye wamtengo wapatali kwambiri pakati pa zisoti zachifumu zamizinda yambiri yovekedwa ngati miyala yamtengo wapatali."

Moyo wanyimbo wanyumba Prague Spring Concert yotchuka imachitika chaka chilichonse. Malo owonetserako ali ndi chikhalidwe champhamvu, ndimabwalo 15 owonetsera. Mumzindawu muli malo owonetsera zakale ambirimbiri ndipo muli zipilala zoposa 1,700, monga tchalitchi chachikulu cha St. Vitus, Nyumba yachifumu yokongola ya Prague, Charles Bridge yokhala ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri, komanso National Theatre Ndipo nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Lenin.