Finlande, izina ryuzuye rya Repubulika ya Finlande, ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 338.145. Iherereye mu majyaruguru y’Uburayi, ihana imbibi na Noruveje mu majyaruguru, Suwede mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, Uburusiya mu burasirazuba, Ikigobe cya Finlande mu majyepfo, n'ikigobe cya Bothnia mu burengerazuba nta muhengeri. Ubutaka buri hejuru mumajyaruguru naho hepfo yepfo. Imisozi ya Manselkiah yo mu majyaruguru ifite metero 200-700 hejuru y’inyanja, igice cyo hagati ni metero 200-300 imisozi ya moraine, naho uturere two ku nkombe ni ikibaya kiri munsi ya metero 50 hejuru y’inyanja. Finlande ifite umutungo mwinshi wamashyamba. Ubuso bw’amashyamba mu gihugu ni hegitari miliyoni 26, naho ubutaka bw’amashyamba kuri buri muntu ni hegitari 5, buza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi ku butaka bw’amashyamba kuri buri muntu. 69% by'ubutaka bw'igihugu butwikiriwe n'amashyamba, kandi ubwishingizi bwacyo buza ku mwanya wa mbere mu Burayi n'uwa kabiri ku isi. Ubwinshi bwubwoko bwibiti ni ishyamba ryibiti, ishyamba rya pinusi nishyamba ryumukindo.Ishyamba ryuzuye ryuzuye indabyo n'imbuto. Ikiyaga cya Saimaa mu majyepfo gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 4.400 kandi nicyo kiyaga kinini muri Finlande. Ibiyaga bya Finilande bihujwe n'inzira zifunganye z'amazi, inzuzi ngufi, na rapid, bityo bigakora inzira y'amazi ivugana. Agace k'amazi yo mu gihugu kangana na 10% by'ubuso bw'igihugu. Hariho ibirwa bigera ku 179.000 n'ibiyaga bigera ku 188.000. Bizwi nk "igihugu cyibiyaga igihumbi". Inkombe ya Finlande irababaje, kilometero 1100. Umutungo w'amafi ukungahaye. Kimwe cya gatatu cya Finlande giherereye muri Arctic Circle, naho igice cyamajyaruguru gifite ikirere gikonje hamwe na shelegi nyinshi. Mu majyaruguru cyane, izuba ntirishobora kuboneka iminsi 40-50 mu gihe cy'itumba, kandi izuba rishobora kuboneka amanywa n'ijoro guhera mu mpera za Gicurasi kugeza mu mpera za Nyakanga mu cyi. Ifite ikirere giciriritse. Ikigereranyo cy'ubushyuhe ni -14 ° C kugeza kuri 3 ° C mu gihe cy'itumba na 13 ° C kugeza kuri 17 ° C mu cyi. Ikigereranyo cy'imvura ngarukamwaka ni mm 600.

Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara eshanu n'akarere kamwe kigenga, aribyo: Amajyepfo ya Finlande, Finlande y'Uburasirazuba, Finlande y'Uburengerazuba, Oulu, Labi na Åland.

Hashize imyaka igera ku 9000, igihe cyimvura irangiye, abakurambere ba Finns bimukiye hano bava mu majyepfo no mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba. Mbere y'ikinyejana cya 12, Finlande yari igihe cya societe ya komini ya mbere. Yabaye igice cya Suwede mu gice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 12 gihinduka umutware wa Suwede mu 1581. Nyuma y’intambara z’Uburusiya na Suwede mu 1809, yigaruriwe n’Uburusiya maze ihinduka Ubwami bukomeye buyobowe n’Uburusiya bw’Abarusiya.Umwami yanabaye Duke mukuru wa Finlande. Nyuma y’impinduramatwara mu Kwakira 1917, Finlande yatangaje ubwigenge ku ya 6 Ukuboza uwo mwaka ishinga repubulika mu 1919. Nyuma y’Intambara ya Finilande na Soviet (yiswe "Intambara yubukonje" muri Finlande) kuva 1939 kugeza 1940, Finlande yahatiwe gushyira umukono kumasezerano y’amahoro ya Finlande na Soviet hamwe n’icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, cyahaye igihugu cy’Abasoviyeti. Kuva mu 1941 kugeza 1944, Ubudage bw'Abanazi bwateye Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, maze Finlande igira uruhare mu ntambara yo kurwanya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti (Finlande yitwa "intambara yo gukomeza"). Muri Gashyantare 1944, Finlande, nk'igihugu cyatsinzwe, yasinyanye amasezerano y'amahoro y'i Paris na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti ndetse n'ibindi bihugu. Muri Mata 1948, Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zashyizweho umukono "Amasezerano y'Ubucuti, Ubufatanye no gufashanya". Nyuma y'intambara y'ubutita, Finlande yinjiye mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi mu 1995.

Ibendera ry'igihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cy'uburebure n'ubugari bwa 18:11. Ubutaka bwibendera bwera. Ubugari bwagutse bwubururu bwambukiranya uruhande rwibumoso bugabanya ibendera mu mpande enye zera. Finilande izwi nk "igihugu cyibiyaga igihumbi". Ireba inyanja ya Baltique mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba. Ubururu ku ibendera bugereranya ibiyaga, inzuzi n’inyanja; ikindi kigereranya ikirere cyubururu. Kimwe cya gatatu cyubutaka bwa Finlande buri mu ruziga rwa Arctique.Ibihe birakonje. Umweru ku ibendera ushushanya igihugu cyuzuyemo urubura. Umusaraba ku ibendera werekana umubano wa hafi hagati ya Finlande nibindi bihugu bya Nordic mumateka. Ibendera ryakozwe ahagana mu 1860 hashingiwe ku gitekerezo cy'umusizi wo muri Finilande witwa Tocharis Topelius.

Finlande ifite abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 5.22 (2006). Benshi mu baturage batuye mu majyepfo y’igihugu aho ikirere cyoroheje. Muri bo, ubwoko bwa Finilande bwagize 92.4%, ubwoko bwa Suwede bugera kuri 5.6%, naho umubare muto wa Sami (uzwi kandi ku izina rya Lapps). Indimi zemewe ni Igifinilande na Suwede. 84,9% by'abaturage bemera abaluteriyani b'Abakristo, 1,1% bemera Itorero rya orotodogisi.

Finlande ikungahaye cyane ku mutungo w’amashyamba, 66.7% by’igihugu gitwikiriwe n’amashyamba meza, bituma Finlande iba umubare munini w’amashyamba mu Burayi ndetse ikaba iya kabiri ku isi, aho amashyamba y’umuturage afite hegitari 3.89. Amashyamba menshi aha Finlande izina rya "icyatsi kibisi". Inganda zitunganya ibiti, gukora impapuro n’inganda z’amashyamba zabaye inkingi y’ubukungu bwacyo kandi zifite urwego ruyoboye isi. Finlande n’igihugu cya kabiri ku isi cyohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga amakarito n’ikarito kandi kikaba icya kane mu bihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Nubwo igihugu cya Finlande ari gito, kiratandukanye cyane. Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Finlande yashingiye ku nganda z’amashyamba n’inganda z’icyuma kugira ngo ibe igihugu gikomeye. Mu rwego rwo guhuza n'iterambere ry'ubukungu mpuzamahanga, Finlande yahinduye ingamba z’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’ikoranabuhanga mu gihe gikwiye, ku buryo ikoranabuhanga n’ibikoresho byayo mu bijyanye n’ingufu, itumanaho, ibinyabuzima no kurengera ibidukikije biri ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Finlande ifite inganda zamakuru zateye imbere kandi ntizwiho kuba sosiyete yateye imbere cyane ku isi, ariko kandi iza ku mwanya wa mbere mu rutonde rwiza ku rutonde mpuzamahanga ku ipiganwa. Umusaruro rusange mu 2006 wari miliyari 171.733 z'amadolari y'Amerika, naho umuturage akaba yari 32.836 USD. Mu 2004, Finlande yiswe "Igihugu Kurushanwa Kurushanwa Kurusha Isi" n'Ihuriro ry’Ubukungu ku Isi mu 2004/2005.

Helsinki: Helsinki, umurwa mukuru wa Finlande, yegereye inyanja ya Baltique. Ni umujyi w’ubwiza bwa kera ndetse n’umuco ugezweho. Ntabwo ugaragaza amarangamutima y’urukundo rwo mu mujyi wa kera w’Uburayi, ariko kandi wuzuye na metero mpuzamahanga. Ubwiza. Muri icyo gihe, ni umujyi wubusitani aho imyubakire yimijyi nibidukikije byahujwe neza. Kuruhande rwinyanja, yaba inyanja yubururu mugihe cyizuba cyangwa urubura rutemba rureremba mugihe cyimbeho, uyu mujyi wicyambu uhora usa neza kandi usukuye, kandi isi irashimwa n "" umukobwa winyanja ya Baltique. "

Helsinki yashinzwe mu 1550 ihinduka umurwa mukuru wa Finlande mu 1812. Abaturage ba Helsinki bagera kuri miliyoni 1.2 (2006), bangana na kimwe cya gatanu cy’abaturage bose ba Finlande. Ugereranije n'indi mijyi yo mu Burayi, Helsinki ni umujyi ukiri muto ufite amateka y’imyaka 450 gusa, ariko inyubako ze ni uruvange rw’urukundo gakondo rw’igihugu ndetse n’imyambarire igezweho. Inyubako zifite amabara zitangwa mu mpande zose z'umujyi. Muri zo, ntushobora kubona ibihangano bya "Neo-Classic" na "Art Nouveau" gusa, ahubwo unishimira ibishusho n'amashusho yo mu muhanda byuzuye uburyohe bwa Nordic, bigatuma abantu bumva Ubwiza butuje budasanzwe.

Inzu yubatswe yubatswe izwi cyane ya Helsinki ni Katedrali ya Helsinki hamwe n’inyubako zayo zijimye zijimye z'umuhondo neoclassical ku kibuga cya Sena mu mujyi rwagati. Ikibanza cyo mu majyepfo hafi ya katedrali ni icyambu cy'amato manini mpuzamahanga atwara abagenzi. Ingoro ya Perezida iherereye mu majyaruguru ya Pier y'Amajyepfo yubatswe mu 1814. Nibwo ngoro ya Tsari iyobowe n'Uburusiya bwa cyami kandi yabaye Ingoro ya Perezida nyuma yuko Finlande yigenga mu 1917. Inyubako y'Umujyi wa Helsinki mu burengerazuba bw'ingoro ya Perezida yubatswe mu 1830, kandi isura yayo iracyakomeza kugaragara. Hano hari isoko ryisanzuye rifunguye umwaka wose kurubuga rwamajyepfo ya Wharf.Abacuruzi bagurisha imbuto nshya, imboga, amafi nindabyo, hamwe nubukorikori butandukanye gakondo hamwe nibibutsa nkibikoresho bya Finlande, uruhu rwimpongo n imitako.Ni ngombwa kureba kubakerarugendo b’abanyamahanga. Ikibanza.