IFinland, igama eligcwele leRiphabhlikhi yaseFinland, ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-338,145. Itholakala enyakatho yeYurophu, inqamula iNorway ngasenyakatho, iSweden iya enyakatho-ntshonalanga, iRussia iye empumalanga, iGulf of Finland eningizimu neGulf of Bothnia entshonalanga ngaphandle kwamagagasi. Indawo iphakeme enyakatho futhi iphansi eningizimu. Amagquma asenyakatho iManselkiah angamamitha angama-200-700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, ingxenye emaphakathi ingamamitha angama-200-300 amamitha we-moraine, kanti izindawo ezisogwini zingamathafa angaphansi kwamamitha angama-50 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. IFinland inezinsiza zehlathi ezicebile ngokweqile. Indawo yehlathi yezwe ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-26, kanti umhlaba wehlathi ngalinye unamahektha ama-5, usezingeni lesibili emhlabeni wehlathi lomuntu ngamunye. Ama-69% omhlaba wezwe umbozwe ngamahlathi, kanti uketshezi lwawo luqala eYurophu nolwesibili emhlabeni. Iningi lezinhlobo zezihlahla ihlathi lesihlahla sonwele, isihlahla sikaphayini nehlathi le-birch.Ihlathi eliminyene ligcwele izimbali namajikijolo. ILake Saimaa eningizimu lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-4,400 futhi liyichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke eFinland. Amachibi aseFinland axhunywe nemigwaqo emincane yemifula, imifula emifushane, kanye nama-rapids, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheke imigwaqo yamanzi exhumana. Indawo enamanzi angaphakathi kwezwe ibanga u-10% wendawo isiyonke yezwe. Kuneziqhingi ezingaba yi-179,000 namachibi acishe abe yi-188 000. Yaziwa njenge "lizwe lamachibi ayinkulungwane". Ugu lwaseFinland lubuhlungu, lungamakhilomitha ayi-1100 ubude. Izinsiza zezinhlanzi ezicebile. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeFinland itholakala e-Arctic Circle, kanti ingxenye esenyakatho inesimo sezulu esibandayo nesineqhwa eliningi. Engxenyeni esenyakatho kakhulu, ilanga alibonakali izinsuku ezingama-40-50 ebusika, futhi ilanga lingabonakala imini nobusuku kusukela ekupheleni kukaMeyi kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJulayi ehlobo. Inesimo sezulu sasolwandle esipholile. Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi ngu -14 ° C kuye ku-3 ° C ebusika bese kuthi i-13 ° C liye ku-17 ° C ehlobo. Imvula emaphakathi yonyaka ingama-600 mm.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezinhlanu nesifunda esisodwa esizimele, okuyilezi: i-Southern Finland, i-Eastern Finland, i-Western Finland, i-Oulu, i-Labi ne-Åland.

Cishe eminyakeni engama-9,000 eyedlule, ekupheleni kwesikhathi seqhwa, okhokho baseFinnns bathutha lapha besuka eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga. Ngaphambi kwekhulu le-12, iFinland kwakuyisikhathi somphakathi wakudala womphakathi. Yaba yingxenye yeSweden engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-12 futhi yaba yinduna yaseSweden ngo-1581. Ngemuva kwezimpi zaseRussia nezaseSweden ngo-1809, yathathwa yiRussia futhi yaba yisikhulu esikhulu ngaphansi kokubusa kweRussia yaseTsarist. I-Tsar nayo yasebenza njengoGrand Duke waseFinland. Ngemuva kwenguquko ngo-Okthoba 1917, iFinland yamemezela inkululeko ngoDisemba 6 wangonyaka ofanayo futhi yasungula i-republic ngo-1919. Ngemuva kweMpi YaseFinland NamaSoviet (eyaziwa ngokuthi "Impi Yasebusika" eFinland) kusuka ngo-1939 kuya ku-1940, iFinland yaphoqeleka ukuba isayine iSivumelwano Sokuthula SaseFinland neSoviet Union esasinikeza iSoviet Union indawo. Kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1944, iJalimane lamaNazi lahlasela iSoviet Union, kwathi iFinland yabamba iqhaza empini eyayilwa neSoviet Union (iFinland ibizwa ngokuthi “impi yokuqhubeka”). NgoFebhuwari 1944, iFinland, njengezwe elihluliwe, yasayina iSivumelwano Sokuthula SaseParis neSoviet Union namanye amazwe. Ngo-Ephreli 1948, kwasayinwa "iSivumelwano Sobungani, Ukubambisana kanye Nokusizana". Ngemuva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, iFinland yajoyina i-European Union ngo-1995.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande ngesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-18: 11. Ifulege lomhlaba limhlophe. Umugqa omkhulukazi ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka omise okwesobunxele ohlangothini lwesobunxele uhlukanisa ifulegi nobuso babe onxande abane abamhlophe. IFinland yaziwa ngokuthi "izwe lamachibi ayinkulungwane". Inqamula uLwandle iBaltic eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka efulethini kufanekisela amachibi, imifula nezilwandle; enye ifanekisela isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zensimu yaseFinland ise-Arctic Circle. Isimo sezulu siyabanda. Okumhlophe osefulethini kufanekisela izwe eligcwele iqhwa. Isiphambano sefulegi sikhombisa ubudlelwane obuseduze phakathi kweFinland namanye amazwe aseNordic emlandweni. Ifulegi lenziwa cishe ngonyaka we-1860 ngokususelwa kusiphakamiso sombongi waseFinland uTocharis Topelius.

I-Finland inabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezi-5.22 (2006). Iningi labantu lihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwe lapho isimo sezulu singesincane. Phakathi kwabo, iqembu lesizwe laseFinland lalino-92.4%, iqembu lesizwe laseSweden lalingama-5.6%, kanye nenani elincane lamaSami (owaziwa nangokuthi yiLapps). Izilimi ezisemthethweni isiFinnish nesiSwidi. Izakhamuzi ezingama-84.9% zikholelwa kubuKrestu bamaLuthela, u-1.1% ukholelwa e-Orthodox Church.

IFinland icebe kakhulu ngemithombo yehlathi, ama-66.7% ezwe embozwe ngamahlathi aluhlaza, okwenza iFinland ibe yisilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke sokutholakala kwamahlathi eYurophu futhi sibe sesibili emhlabeni, kuhlala amahlathi ama-3.89 ama-per capita. Izinsiza eziningi zehlathi zinika iFinland idumela "lendawo eluhlaza". Izimboni zaseFinland zokucubungula izinkuni, ukwenza amaphepha nezamahlathi kube wumgogodla womnotho wayo futhi zisezingeni eliphambili emhlabeni. IFinland ingumthengisi wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni wamaphepha namakhadibhodi futhi ingumthengisi wesine ngobukhulu wangaphandle wompulse. Yize izwe laseFinland lincane, lehluke kakhulu. Ngemuva kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, iFinland yathembela embonini yehlathi nasembonini yensimbi ukuze ibe yizwe elinamandla. Ukuze ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nentuthuko yezomnotho wamazwe omhlaba, iFinland iguqule isu layo lokuthuthukisa ezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi esifanele, ukuze ubuchwepheshe nemishini yayo emkhakheni wezamandla, ezokuxhumana ngocingo, ibhayoloji kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kube sesikhundleni esiphambili emhlabeni. IFinland inomkhakha wolwazi othuthuke kahle futhi awaziwa kuphela ngomphakathi wolwazi othuthuke kakhulu, kepha futhi ubalwa phakathi kwabaphambili ezingeni lomncintiswano wamazwe omhlaba jikelele. Umkhiqizo ophelele wasekhaya ngo-2006 wawungu-US $ 171.733 billion, kanti inani lomuntu ngamunye kwakungu-US $ 32,836. Ngo-2004, iFinland yaqokwa njengelizwe "elincintisana kakhulu emhlabeni" yiForamu Yezomnotho Yomhlaba ngo-2004/2005.

IHelsinki: IHelsinki, inhlokodolobha yaseFinland, iseduze noLwandle iBaltic. Idolobha lobuhle bakudala nempucuko yanamuhla. Ayibonisi nje kuphela imizwa yothando yedolobha lasendulo laseYurophu, kodwa futhi igcwele idolobha elikhulu lamazwe omhlaba. Charm. Ngasikhathi sinye, uyidolobha lengadi lapho ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha nezindawo zemvelo kuhlanganiswe ngobuhlakani. Ngokuphikisana nokwasemuva kolwandle, noma ngabe ulwandle luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ehlobo noma iqhwa lintanta ebusika, leli dolobha eliyitheku lihlala libukeka lilihle futhi lihlanzekile, futhi lidunyiswa umhlaba "njengendodakazi yoLwandle iBaltic." I-Helsinki yasungulwa ngo-1550 futhi yaba inhlokodolobha yaseFinland ngo-1812. Isibalo sabantu baseHelsinki silinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-1.2 (2006), sibala ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yabantu baseFinland. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amadolobha aseYurophu, iHelsinki idolobha elincane elinomlando weminyaka engama-450 kuphela, kepha izakhiwo zalo ziyinhlanganisela yothando lwendabuko lukazwelonke kanye nemikhuba yemfashini yanamuhla. Izakhiwo ezimibalabala zisatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izingxenye zedolobha. Phakathi kwazo, awukwazi ukubona kuphela ubuciko be- "Neo-Classic" ne- "Art Nouveau", kodwa futhi ujabulele izithombe ezibaziweyo nezigcawu zomgwaqo ezigcwele ukunambitheka kweNordic, okwenza abantu bazizwe Ubuhle obungavamile bokuthula.

Isakhiwo esidume kunazo zonke sezakhiwo zikaHelsinki yiHelsinki Cathedral kanye nezakhiwo zayo ezizungezile eziphuzi eziphuzi eziseSenate Square enkabeni yedolobha. ISouth Wharf eseduze nekhathedrali iyitheku lemikhumbi emikhulu yezikebhe zamazwe omhlaba. Isigodlo sikaMongameli esasenyakatho yeSouth Pier sakhiwa ngo-1814. Kwakuyisigodlo seTsar ngaphansi kokubusa kweTsarist Russia futhi saba yiNdlu kaMongameli ngemuva kokuba iFinland izithole ngo-1917. Isakhiwo seHelsinki City Hall esentshonalanga neNdlu kaMongameli sakhiwa ngo-1830, futhi ukubukeka kwaso kusagcina ukubukeka kwaso kwangempela. Kunemakethe evulekile evulekile unyaka wonke eSouth Wharf Square Abathengisi bathengisa izithelo ezintsha, imifino, inhlanzi nezimbali, kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ezahlukahlukene nezikhumbuzo ezifana nemimese yaseFinland, izikhumba zama-reindeer nobucwebe. Indawo.