IFinland, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhlikhi yaseFinland, ligubungela ummandla we-338,145 yeekhilomitha ezizikwere. Ime kumantla Yurophu, ngakwimida yeNorway emantla, eSweden emantla ntshona, iRussia mpuma, iGulf of Finland emazantsi, kunye neGulf of Bothnia ukuya entshona ngaphandle kwamaza. Indawo iphakamileyo emantla kwaye isezantsi emazantsi. Iinduli ezisemantla eManselkiah ziimitha ezingama-200-700 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, indawo engumbindi ziimitha ezingama-200-300 zeenduli ze-moraine, kunye nemimandla eselunxwemeni ngamathafa angaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-50 ngaphezulu komgangatho wolwandle. IFinland inezixhobo ezityebileyo zehlathi. Indawo yehlathi lelizwe ziihektare ezizigidi ezingama-26, kwaye umhlaba wehlathi ngalinye womntu ziihektare ezi-5, ubekwa kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi lomhlaba wehlathi ngalinye. Iipesenti ezingama-69 zelizwe ligutyungelwe lihlathi, inqanaba lalo lokugubungela kuqala eYurophu kwaye kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi. Uninzi lweentlobo zemithi ngamahlathi espruce, ihlathi lepayina kunye nehlathi le-birch.Ihlathi elishinyeneyo ligcwele ziintyatyambo namajikijolo. ILake Saimaa esemazantsi igubungela ummandla ozizikwere ze-4,400 kwaye lelona chibi likhulu eFinland. Amachibi aseFinland adityaniswe nemilambo emxinwa yamanzi, imilambo emifutshane, kunye namanzi akhawulezayo, ngaloo ndlela benza iindlela zamanzi ezinxibelelana nabanye. Ummandla wamanzi angaphakathi komhlaba wenza i-10% yommandla welizwe liphela. Kukho malunga neziqithi ezili-179,000 kunye namachibi amalunga ne-188,000.Yaziwa ngokuba "lilizwe lamachibi aliwaka". Unxweme lwaseFinland lubuhlungu, iikhilomitha ezili-1100 ubude. Ubutyebi beentlanzi. Isinye kwisithathu seFinland sikwiArctic Circle, kwaye indawo esemantla inemozulu ebandayo enekhephu elininzi. Kwindawo esemantla, ilanga alinakubonwa kangangeentsuku ezingama-40-50 ebusika, kwaye ilanga liyabonakala emini nasebusuku ukusuka ekupheleni kukaMeyi ukuya ekupheleni kukaJulayi ehlotyeni. Inemozulu yaselwandle eshushu. Ubushushu obuphakathi yi -14 ° C ukuya kwi-3 ° C ebusika kunye ne-13 ° C ukuya kwi-17 ° C ehlotyeni.

Ilizwe lahlulwe langamaphondo amahlanu kunye nommandla omnye ozimeleyo, ongulo: uMazantsi eFinland, iMpuma yeFinland, iNtshona yeFinland, iOulu, iLabi ne-Åland.

Malunga neminyaka engama-9,000 eyadlulayo, ekupheleni kwexesha lomkhenkce, ookhokho baseFinnns bafudukela apha ukusuka emazantsi nasemazantsi mpuma. Ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-12, iFinland yayilixesha loluntu lwantlandlolo. Yaba yinxalenye yeSweden kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-12 kwaye yaba yinduna yaseSweden ngo-1581. Emva kweemfazwe zaseRussia nezaseSweden ngo-1809, yahlalwa yiRashiya yaza yaba yiGrand Duchy phantsi kolawulo lweRashiya yaseTsarist.I-Tsar nayo yasebenza njengeGrand Duke yaseFinland. Emva kohlaziyo ngo-Okthobha u-1917, i-Finland yabhengeza inkululeko ngo-Disemba 6 kwakuloo nyaka mnye kwaye yaseka i-republic ngo-1919. Emva kweMfazwe yaseFinland-Soviet (ebizwa ngokuba "yiMfazwe yaseBusika" eFinland) ukusukela ngo-1939 ukuya ku-1940, iFinland kwanyanzeleka ukuba ityikitye iSivumelwano soXolo saseFinland neSoviet kunye ne-Soviet Union, eyathi yanciphisa ummandla weSoviet Union. Ukususela ngo-1941 ukuya ku-1944, iJamani yamaNazi yahlasela iSoviet Union, yaza iFinland yathatha inxaxheba emfazweni eyayichasene neSoviet Union (iFinland ibizwa ngokuba "yimfazwe yokuqhubeka"). NgoFebruwari 1944, iFinland, njengelizwe eloyisileyo, yasayina iSivumelwano soXolo saseParis neSoviet Union namanye amazwe. Ngo-Epreli 1948, "uMnqophiso woBuhlobo, ukuBambisana kunye nokuNcedisana" wawusayinwe neSoviet Union. Emva kweMfazwe ebandayo, iFinland yajoyina i-European Union ngo-1995.

Iflegi yesizwe: Yixande kunye nomyinge wobude ukuya kububanzi be-18: 11. Iflegi yomhlaba imhlophe. Umqolo obanzi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka omile okwekhohlo kwicala lasekhohlo ukwahlula ubuso beflegi kubengxande abane abamhlophe. IFinland yaziwa njenge "lizwe elinamachibi aliwaka" .Imida yoLwandle lweBaltic kumzantsi-ntshona. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwiflegi ufuzisela amachibi, imilambo kunye neelwandlekazi; elinye lifanekisela isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza. Isinye kwisithathu sommandla waseFinland siseArctic Circle.Imozulu iyabanda.Umhlophe kwiflegi ufuzisela ilizwe eligutyungelwe likhephu. Umnqamlezo kwiflegi ubonakalisa ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kweFinland kunye namanye amazwe aseNordic kwimbali. Iflegi yenziwa malunga ne-1860 ngokusekwe kwisindululo sombongi waseFinland uTocharis Topelius.

I-Finland inabemi abamalunga ne-5.22 yezigidi (2006). Uninzi lwabemi luhlala emazantsi elizwe apho imozulu intle noko. Phakathi kwabo, ubuhlanga baseFinland babalelwa kwi-92.4%, iqela lesizwe laseSweden lafumana i-5.6%, kunye nenani elincinci lamaSami (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiLapps). Iilwimi ezisemthethweni sisiFinnish nesiSwedish. Abahlali abangama-84.9% bakholelwa kubuLuthere bamaKrestu, i-1.1% bakholelwa kwiCawa yamaOthodoki.

IFinland ityebe kakhulu kwimithombo yehlathi, i-66.7% yelizwe ligutyungelwe ngamahlathi achumileyo, isenza iFinland ibe lelona zinga likhulu lokugubungela amahlathi eYurophu kwaye okwesibini emhlabeni, ngokuhlala kwehlathi ngalinye ngehektare eziyi-3.89. Ubutyebi behlathi obuninzi bunika iFinland igama "lendlu eluhlaza". Ukulungiswa kweenkuni eFinland, ukwenziwa kwamaphepha kunye noomatshini abasebenza emahlathini kuye kwaba ngumqolo kuqoqosho lwayo kwaye kwinqanaba eliphambili kwihlabathi. I-Finland lelizwe lesibini ngobukhulu elithumela ngaphandle iphepha kunye nekhadibhodi kunye nelesine ngobukhulu kumazwe angaphandle. Nangona ilizwe laseFinland lincinci, lahluke kakhulu. Emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeFinland, iFinland yaxhomekeka kushishino lwamahlathi nakwimveliso yesinyithi ukuba ibe lilizwe elinamandla. Ukulungelelanisa ukukhula koqoqosho lwamazwe aphesheya, iFinland ihlengahlengise isicwangciso sayo sophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye netekhnoloji ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ukuze itekhnoloji kunye nezixhobo zayo kummandla wamandla, unxibelelwano ngocingo, ibhayoloji kunye nokhuselo lokusingqongileyo zikwindawo ekhokelayo kwihlabathi. IFinland ineshishini lolwazi eliphuhliswe kakuhle kwaye ayaziwa kuphela kuluntu lwayo oluphucukileyo lolwazi, kodwa ikwindawo ephakathi kwezona ndawo zibalaseleyo kukhuphiswano lwehlabathi. Imveliso epheleleyo yasekhaya ngonyaka ka-2006 yayiyi-US $ 171.733 yezigidigidi, kwaye ixabiso lomntu ngamnye lalingama-US $ 32,836. Ngo-2004, iFinland yabizwa ngokuba "lelona lizwe linoKhuphiswano lweHlabathi" liQonga lezoQoqosho leHlabathi ngo-2004/2005.

IHelsinki: IHelsinki, idolophu elikomkhulu laseFinland, ikufutshane noLwandle lweBaltic. sisixeko esinobuhle bamandulo kunye nempucuko yale mihla. Umtsalane. Kwangelo xesha, ungumzi wegadi apho ulwakhiwo lwasezidolophini kunye nendalo zidityaniswe ngobuqili. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yolwandle, nokuba ulwandle luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ehlotyeni okanye umkhenkce ophephezelayo uyadada ebusika, esi sixeko sinezibuko sihlala sikhangeleka sisihle kwaye sicocekile, kwaye sidunyiswa lihlabathi njenge "ntombi yoLwandle lweBaltic." IHelsinki yasekwa nge-1550 kwaye yaba likomkhulu laseFinland kwi1812. Abemi baseHelsinki bamalunga ne-1.2 yezigidi (2006), ebalwa ngaphezulu kwesihlanu kwisiqingatha sabemi baseFinland. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iidolophu zaseYurophu, iHelsinki sisixeko esincinci esinembali yeminyaka engama-450 kuphela, kodwa izakhiwo zakhe ziyindibaniselwano yothando lwesintu lwesintu kunye nefashoni yale mihla. Izakhiwo ezimibalabala zisasazwe kwikona nganye yesixeko.Phakathi kwazo, awunokwazi ukubona ubugcisa be "Neo-Classic" kunye ne "Art Nouveau", kodwa ukonwabele imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nemiboniso yesitalato egcwele incasa yeNordic, eyenza abantu bazive Ubuhle obungaqhelekanga bokuthula.

Ezona zakhiwo zidumileyo zeHelsinki yiHelsinki Cathedral kunye nezakhiwo zayo ezijikeleze umbala otyheli we-neoclassical kwi-Senate Square embindini wedolophu. ISouth Wharf kufutshane necawa yecawa enkulu iyizibuko leenqanawa ezinkulu zamazwe aphesheya. Indlu kaMongameli ebekwe kwicala elingasemantla eSouth Pier yakhiwa ngo-1814. Yayiyibhotwe likaTsar phantsi kolawulo lweTsarist Russia kwaye yaba liNdlu kaMongameli emva kokuba iFinland yazimela ngo-1917. Isakhiwo seHelsinki City Hall ngasentshona kweNdlu kaMongameli sakhiwa ngo-1830, kwaye ukubonakala kwaso kugcina ukubonakala kwaso kwasekuqaleni. Kukho imakethi yasimahla evulekileyo evulekileyo unyaka wonke eSouth Wharf Square.Abathengisi bathengisa iziqhamo, imifuno, iintlanzi kunye neentyatyambo, kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zesintu kunye nezikhumbuzi ezinje ngeemela zaseFinland, izikhumba zeerindeer kunye nobucwebe. Indawo.