Iceland, dzina lonse la Republic of Iceland, ili ndi dera lalikulu masikweya kilomita 103,000. Ndilo dziko lakumadzulo kwambiri ku Europe.Lili pakati pa Nyanja ya Atlantic, kufupi ndi Arctic Circle.Limakhala lalikulu makilomita 8,000 ndipo ndi chilumba chachiwiri kukula ku Europe. Mphepete mwa nyanja ndi pafupifupi makilomita 4970 kutalika. Malo atatu mwa magawo atatu a dera lonseli ndi chigwa chotalika mamita 400-800, pomwe gawo limodzi mwa asanu ndi atatu lili ndi madzi oundana. Pali mapiri opitilira 100, kuphatikiza mapiri ophulika oposa 20. Phiri la Warnadalshenuk ndiye phiri lalitali kwambiri mdzikolo, lokwera mamita 2119. Pafupifupi dziko lonse la Iceland lamangidwa pamiyala yophulika. Malo ambiri sangalimidwe, chifukwa ali ndi akasupe otentha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, motero amatchedwa dziko lamadzi oundana ndi moto. Pali akasupe ambiri, mathithi, nyanja ndi mitsinje yothamanga.Mtsinje waukulu kwambiri, Syuersao River, ndi wautali makilomita 227. Dziko la Iceland lili ndi nyengo yozizira yamadzi ozizira, yomwe imasinthasintha. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya Gulf Stream, ndiwofatsa kuposa malo ena pamtunda womwewo. Dzuwa ladzuwa ndilotalika, kuwala kwa dzinja kumakhala kofupikitsa. Aurora amatha kuwona nthawi yophukira komanso koyambirira kwachisanu.

Dzikoli lagawidwa zigawo 23, ma municipalities 21 ndi ma parishi 203.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, amonke achi Irish adasamukira ku Iceland. Mu theka lachiwiri la 9th century, Norway idayamba kusamukira ku Iceland. Nyumba Yamalamulo ndi Federation of Iceland idakhazikitsidwa mu 930 AD. Mu 1262, Iceland ndi Norway adasaina mgwirizano, ndipo nduna za ku Iceland zinali za Norway. Mu 1380 Bing ndi Norway anali pansi paulamuliro waku Danish. Tinapeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha mu 1904. Mu 1918, Bingdan adasaina lamulo ladziko kuti Bing ndi dziko lodziyimira palokha, koma zochitika zakunja zikulamulidwabe ndi Denmark. Mu 1940, Denmark idalandidwa ndi Germany ndipo ubale pakati pa Bingdan ndi Dan udasokonekera. Chaka chomwecho, asitikali aku Britain adayimilira m'madzi oundana. Pa Juni 16, 1944, Ice Council idalengeza mwalamulo kutha kwa Ice Dan Alliance, ndipo Republic of Iceland idakhazikitsidwa pa 17th. Adalowa nawo United Nations ku 1946 ndikukhala membala wa NATO mu 1949.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi yaying'ono yamakona anayi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwake kwa 25:18. Mbendera yake ndiyabuluu, ndipo mitanda yofiira ndi yoyera imagawaniza mbenderayo zidutswa zinayi: mabwalo awiri ofanana a buluu ndi awiri amakona awiri amtambo. Buluu limaimira nyanja ndipo loyera limaimira chipale chofewa. Buluu ndi zoyera ndi mitundu yadziko ku Iceland, yowonetsa mawonekedwe azachilengedwe zaku Iceland, ndiye kuti, mumlengalenga wabuluu ndi m'nyanja, "malo oundana" -Izeland ikuwonekera. Iceland yakhala gawo lachi Norway kuyambira 1262 ndipo inali pansi paulamuliro waku Danish m'zaka za zana la 14. Chifukwa chake, mtanda wa mbendera umachokera ku mbendera yaku Danish, kuwonetsa ubale pakati pa Iceland ndi Norway ndi Denmark m'mbiri ya Iceland.

Iceland ili ndi anthu 308,000 (2006). Ambiri ndi a ku Iceland ndipo ndi ochokera ku fuko la Germany. Chilankhulo chachikulu ndi ku Iceland, ndipo Chingerezi ndi chilankhulo chofala. 85.4% yaomwe akukhulupirira Chikhristu cha Lutheran.

Usodzi ndi msana wachuma, ndipo makampaniwa amalamulidwa ndi mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri monga kusaka mankhwala ndi kusungunula kwa aluminiyamu. Kudalira kwambiri malonda akunja. Usodzi, madzi osunga madzi ndi zinthu zina zotentha ndi mpweya ndizochuluka, zinthu zina zachilengedwe ndizosowa, ndipo mafuta ndi zinthu zina ziyenera kutumizidwa kunja. Mphamvu zapachaka zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zingapangidwe ndi 64 biliyoni kWh, ndipo mphamvu yapachaka yopanga mphamvu yamafuta imatha kufika 7.2 biliyoni kWh. Kuphatikiza pa mafakitale opepuka monga kusodza ndi kuwomba nsalu, mafakitale amalamulidwa ndi mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri monga zotayirira zotayidwa. Usodzi ndi msika wa nsanamira ku chuma cha dziko la Iceland.Mitundu yayikulu ya nsomba ndi capelin, cod ndi herring.Zambiri mwazogulitsa nsomba zimatumizidwa kumayiko ena, ndipo kugulitsa nsomba kumabweretsa pafupifupi 70% yazogulitsa zonse. Zombo zakuwedza ku Iceland zili ndi zida zokwanira ndipo ukadaulo wake wogwiritsa ntchito nsomba ndi mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi. Ili pamalo otalikirana kwambiri komanso opanda kuwala kwa dzuwa.Minda yochepa chabe kumwera imatulutsa mbewu zokwana matani 400 mpaka 500 pachaka. Malo olimapo ndi ma kilomita lalikulu 1,000, kuwerengera 1% yamalo onse adzikoli. Ulimi wa ziweto uli ndi udindo waukulu, ndipo malo ambiri olimapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo odyetserako ziweto. Makampani ofanana ndi opota ubweya ndi khungu amapangidwa. Nyama, mkaka, ndi mazira sizokwanira, ndipo njere, masamba, ndi zipatso zimatumizidwa kunja. Kupanga kwa tomato ndi nkhaka zomwe zimalimidwa m'malo obiriwira zimatha kukwaniritsa 70% ya zoweta. Makampani ogwira ntchito amakhala ndiudindo wofunikira pachuma chadziko lonse, kuphatikiza zamalonda, banki, inshuwaransi, ndi ntchito zaboma. Mtengo wake wotuluka umakhala pafupifupi theka la GDP, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito kumawerengera zoposa magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa anthu onse ogwira ntchito. Limbikitsani kwambiri zokopa alendo kuyambira 1980. Malo omwe alendo amapitako ndi oundana akulu, mapiri ophulika, akasupe amoto ndi mathithi. GDP ya munthu aliyense ku Iceland ili pafupifupi US $ 30,000, ndikuyika pakati pa abwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kutsitsimuka ndi kuyera kwa mpweya ndi madzi ndizabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Nthawi yokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 82.2 kwa akazi ndi zaka 78.1 kwa amuna. Maphunziro a anthu onse ndi okwera kwambiri, osadziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga adachotsedwa ku Iceland zaka zopitilira 100 zapitazo. Dziko la Iceland lakhala dziko lokhala ndi mafoni ochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mu 1999.

Reykjavik: Reykjavik, likulu la Iceland, lili kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Fahsa Bay kumadzulo kwa Iceland komanso kumpoto kwa Sertiana Peninsula. Ndilo doko lalikulu kwambiri ku Iceland Mzindawu umayang'anizana ndi nyanja kumadzulo, ndipo wazunguliridwa ndi mapiri kumpoto ndi kum'mawa.Kukhudzidwa ndi nyengo yotentha yaku North Atlantic, nyengo ndiyabwino, ndikutentha kwapakati pa 11 ° C mu Julayi, -1 ° C mu Januware, komanso kutentha kwapakati pachaka kwa 4.3 ° C. Mzindawu uli ndi anthu 112,268 (Disembala 2001).

Reykjavík idakhazikitsidwa ku 874 ndipo idakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo mu 1786. Mu 1801, udali mpando wa olamulira aku Danish. Mu 1904, Denmark idazindikira kudziyimira pawokha kwa Iceland, ndipo Reykjavik adakhala pampando waboma lodziyimira pawokha. Mu 1940, Nazi Germany idalanda Denmark, ndipo ubale pakati pa Iceland ndi Denmark udasokonekera. Mu Juni 1944, Iceland idalengeza mwalamulo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ice Dan Alliance ndikukhazikitsa Republic of Iceland.Reykjavik idakhala likulu.

Reykjavík ili pafupi ndi Arctic Circle ndipo ili ndi akasupe ambiri otentha ndi fumaroles. Nthano imanena kuti anthu atakhazikika kuno m'zaka za zana la 9 AD, adawona utsi woyera ukukwera kuchokera kunyanja. Sanamvetse bwino nthunzi yamadzi mu akasupe otentha ngati utsi, ndipo adatcha malowa "Reykjavik", kutanthauza "mzinda wosuta" mu Icelandic. Reykjavik mwamphamvu amapanga zachilengedwe zotentha, thambo ndi lamtambo, ndipo mzindawo ndiwoyera komanso pafupifupi wopanda kuipitsa madzi, chifukwa chake amadziwika kuti "mzinda wopanda utsi". Nthawi zonse kutuluka kwa m'mawa kapena kulowa kwa dzuwa, nsonga mbali zonse ziwiri za phirili zimawonetsa utoto wosalala, ndipo madzi am'nyanja amatembenukira kubuluu, ndikupangitsa anthu kumva kuti ali penti. Nyumba za Reykjavík ndizokwanira bwino. Palibe nyumba zazitali. Nyumbazi ndizazing'ono komanso zokongola. Zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zofiira, zobiriwira komanso zobiriwira. Nyumba zazikulu monga nyumba yamalamulo ndi nyumba zaboma zimamangidwa m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Tejoning mkatikati mwa mzindawu. M'chilimwe, gulu la abakha achilengedwe amasambira mozungulira nyanja yamtambo; m'nyengo yozizira, ana amalowerera ndi kusewera kunyanja yachisanu, zomwe ndizosangalatsa.

Reykjavik ndiye malo andale, azamalonda, mafakitale ndi zikhalidwe komanso malo ofikira nsomba. Maofesi onse aboma, nyumba zamalamulo, mabanki apakati ndi mabanki ofunikira kwambiri amapezeka pano. Makampani amzindawu amakhala pafupifupi theka la dzikolo, makamaka kuphatikiza nsomba, kukonza chakudya, kupanga zombo ndi nsalu. Kutumiza kuli ndi malo ofunikira mu chuma cha mzindawu, pomwe zonyamula anthu onyamula komanso zonyamula katundu zikuyenda padziko lonse lapansi. Keflavík Airport, makilomita 47 kuchokera ku Reykjavik, ndi eyapoti yapadziko lonse lapansi ku Iceland, ndipo maulendo ake amapita ku United States, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany ndi Luxembourg. University of Iceland ku Reykjavik ndi yunivesite yokhayo mdzikolo.Yakhazikitsidwa ku 1911, ndi yunivesite yonse yomwe imaphatikizapo zolemba, sayansi yachilengedwe, zamulungu, zamalamulo, zachuma komanso zamankhwala.