Isilande, izina ryuzuye rya Repubulika ya Isilande, ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 103.000. Nicyo gihugu cy’iburengerazuba cyane mu Burayi.Biri hagati y’inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyaruguru, hafi y’Uruziga rwa Arctique. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 8000 kandi ni cyo kirwa cya kabiri kinini mu Burayi. Inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure bwa kilometero 4970. Ibice bitatu bya kane by'ubutaka bwose ni ikibaya gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 400-800, muri kimwe cya munani gitwikiriwe n'ibibarafu. Hano hari ibirunga birenga 100, harimo ibirunga birenga 20 bikora. Ikirunga cya Warnadalshenuk ni cyo mpinga ndende mu gihugu, gifite uburebure bwa metero 2,119. Igihugu cya Isilande hafi ya cyose cyubatswe ku rutare rw’ibirunga.Ubutaka bwinshi ntibushobora guhingwa. Ifite amasoko ashyushye cyane ku isi, ku buryo yitwa igihugu cy’urubura n’umuriro. Hariho amasoko menshi, amasumo, ibiyaga ninzuzi zihuta.Uruzi runini, uruzi rwa Syuersao, rufite uburebure bwa kilometero 227. Isilande ifite ikirere gikonje gikonje cyo mu nyanja, kikaba gihindagurika. Bitewe n'ingaruka z'umugezi w'ikigobe, biroroshye kurusha ahandi hantu ku burebure bumwe. Izuba ryizuba ni rirerire, izuba ryizuba ni rigufi cyane. Aurora irashobora kugaragara mugihe cyizuba n'itumba ryambere.

Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara 23, amakomine 21 na paruwasi 203.

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 8, abihayimana bo muri Irilande bimukiye bwa mbere muri Islande. Mu gice cya kabiri cy'ikinyejana cya 9, Noruveje yatangiye kwimukira muri Isilande. Inteko ishinga amategeko na federasiyo ya Islande yashinzwe mu 930 nyuma ya Yesu. Mu 1262, Isilande na Noruveje byashyize umukono ku masezerano, kandi abaminisitiri bo muri Islande bari aba Noruveje. Mu 1380 Bing na Noruveje byategekwaga na Danemark. Yabonye ubwigenge bwimbere mu 1904. Mu 1918, Bingdan yashyize umukono ku itegeko rya federasiyo ivuga ko Bing ari igihugu cyigenga, ariko ububanyi n’amahanga buracyagenzurwa na Danemark. Mu 1940, Danemark yigaruriwe n'Ubudage maze umubano hagati ya Bingdan na Dan urahagarara. Muri uwo mwaka, ingabo z’Abongereza zari mu rubura.Umwaka wakurikiyeho ingabo z’Abanyamerika zasimbuye ingabo z’Abongereza mu rubura. Ku ya 16 Kamena 1944, Inama y’ibarafu yatangaje ku mugaragaro iseswa ry’ubumwe bwa Ice Dan Alliance, maze ku ya 17 hashyirwaho Repubulika ya Isilande. Yinjiye mu Muryango w’abibumbye mu 1946 aba umunyamuryango wa NATO mu 1949.

Ibendera ryigihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cyuburebure n'ubugari bwa 25:18. Ubutaka bwibendera ni ubururu, naho umusaraba utukura nuwera ugabanya ibendera hejuru yibice bine: ibice bibiri bingana ubururu hamwe nuburinganire bubiri buringaniye. Ubururu bugereranya inyanja naho umweru ugereranya urubura. Ubururu n'umweru ni amabara y'igihugu ya Isilande, agaragaza ibiranga ibidukikije bya Islande, ni ukuvuga mu kirere cy'ubururu no mu nyanja, "ubutaka bwa ice" -Isilande iragaragara. Isilande ni agace ka Noruveje kuva mu 1262 kandi kayobowe na Danemark mu kinyejana cya 14. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ishusho y’umusaraba ku ibendera yakomotse ku gishushanyo cy’ibendera rya Danemark, byerekana isano iri hagati ya Islande na Noruveje na Danemark mu mateka ya Islande.

Isilande ituwe n'abaturage 308.000 (2006). Umubare munini ni Isilande kandi ni abo mu bwoko bw'Abadage. Isilande ni ururimi rwemewe, naho icyongereza ni ururimi rusanzwe. 85.4% by'abaturage bemera Abaluteriyani.

Uburobyi ninkingi yubukungu, kandi inganda ziganjemo inganda zikoresha ingufu nyinshi nko gutunganya amafi no gushonga aluminium. Kwishingikiriza cyane ku bucuruzi bwo hanze. Uburobyi, kubungabunga amazi n’umutungo wa geothermal ni byinshi, kandi n’umutungo kamere ni muto.Ibicuruzwa nka peteroli bigomba gutumizwa mu mahanga. Ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi buri mwaka bushobora gutezwa imbere ni miliyari 64 kWt, kandi ingufu z'amashanyarazi ya buri mwaka zishobora kugera kuri miliyari 7.2. Inganda zishingiye ku nganda zifite intege nke Usibye inganda zoroheje nko gutunganya ibicuruzwa by’uburobyi no kuboha, inganda ziganjemo inganda zikoresha ingufu nyinshi nko gushonga aluminium. Uburobyi n’inganda zinkingi zubukungu bwigihugu cya Isilande.Ubwoko nyamukuru bw’amafi ni capelin, cod na herring.Benshi mu bicuruzwa by’uburobyi byoherezwa mu mahanga, kandi uburobyi bwohereza mu mahanga bugera kuri 70% by’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Amato yo kuroba muri Islande afite ibikoresho bihagije kandi tekinoroji yo gutunganya amafi niyo iyobora isi. Iherereye mu burebure buri hejuru no ku zuba ryinshi.Imirima mike yo mu majyepfo itanga toni 400 kugeza kuri 500 y’ibihingwa ku mwaka. Ubutaka buhingwa ni kilometero kare 1.000, bingana na 1% yubuso bwigihugu. Ubworozi bufite umwanya munini, kandi igice kinini cyubutaka bwubuhinzi gikoreshwa nkubwatsi bwatsi. Inganda zijyanye no kuzenguruka no gutunganya inganda zateye imbere ugereranije. Inyama, amata, n'amagi birenze kwihaza, kandi ingano, imboga n'imbuto ahanini bitumizwa mu mahanga. Umusaruro winyanya nimbuto zahinzwe muri pariki urashobora kuzuza 70% byibyo kurya murugo. Inganda za serivisi zifite umwanya w'ingenzi mu bukungu bw'igihugu, harimo ubucuruzi, amabanki, ubwishingizi, na serivisi rusange.Ibicuruzwa byayo biva hafi kimwe cya kabiri cya GDP, kandi umubare w'abakozi urenga bibiri bya gatatu by'abakozi bose. Gutezimbere cyane ubukerarugendo kuva 1980. Ahantu nyaburanga hasurwa ni ibibarafu binini, imiterere y’ibirunga, amasoko ya geothermal nisumo. Isilande ku muturage GDP ni hafi 30.000 by'amadolari y'Abanyamerika, ikaza mu byiza ku isi. Ubushuhe nubuziranenge bwumwuka namazi nibyiza kwisi. Ikigereranyo cyo kubaho ni imyaka 82.2 ku bagore na 78.1 ku bagabo. Urwego rw'uburezi rw'abaturage bose ruri hejuru.Ubumenyi bwo kutamenya bwakuweho muri Isilande mu myaka irenga 100 ishize. Isilande yabaye igihugu gifite umubare munini wa terefone igendanwa ku isi mu 1999.

Reykjavik: Reykjavik, umurwa mukuru wa Islande, iherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’ikirwa cya Fahsa mu burengerazuba bwa Islande no mu majyaruguru y’igice cya Sertiana. Ni icyambu kinini muri Islande. Umujyi ureba inyanja mu burengerazuba, ukikijwe n'imisozi mu majyaruguru no mu burasirazuba.Bibasiwe n'umuyaga ushyushye wa Atlantika y'Amajyaruguru, ikirere cyoroheje, ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 11 ° C muri Nyakanga, -1 ° C muri Mutarama, n'ubushyuhe buri mwaka bwa 4.3 ° C. Umujyi utuwe n'abaturage 112.268 (Ukuboza 2001).

Reykjavík yashinzwe mu 874 kandi yashinzwe ku mugaragaro mu 1786. Mu 1801, yari icyicaro cy’ubutegetsi bwa Danemark. Mu 1904, Danemark yemeye ubwigenge bw’imbere muri Isilande, maze Reykjavik aba icyicaro cya guverinoma yigenga. Mu 1940, Ubudage bw'Abanazi bwigaruriye Danemarke, umubano hagati ya Islande na Danemark urahagarara. Muri Kamena 1944, Isilande yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko iseswa rya Ice Dan Alliance ndetse n’ishyirwaho rya Repubulika ya Isilande. Reykjavik yabaye umurwa mukuru.

Reykjavík iherereye hafi ya Arctic Circle kandi ifite amasoko menshi ashyushye hamwe na fumarole. Umugani uvuga ko igihe abantu baturaga hano mu kinyejana cya 9 nyuma ya Yesu, babonye umwotsi wera uzamuka ku nkombe. Basobanukiwe nabi imyuka y'amazi atemba mumasoko ashyushye nkumwotsi, aha hantu "Reykjavik", bisobanura "umujyi unywa itabi" muri Islande. Reykjavik itezimbere cyane umutungo wa geothermal, ikirere nubururu, kandi umujyi ufite isuku kandi hafi y’umwanda, bityo uzwi nk "umujyi utagira umwotsi". Igihe cyose izuba ryo mu gitondo rirashe cyangwa izuba rirenze, impinga ku mpande zombi z'umusozi zerekana ibara ry'umuyugubwe, kandi amazi yo mu nyanja ahinduka ubururu bwimbitse, bigatuma abantu bumva ko bari mu gishushanyo. Inyubako za Reykjavík zingana neza nimiterere. Nta bicu bihari. Amazu ni mato kandi meza. Ahanini ashushanyijeho umutuku, icyatsi n'icyatsi. Munsi yizuba, bafite amabara kandi afite amabara. Inyubako nkuru nka salle yinteko ishinga amategeko ninyubako za leta zubatswe hafi yikiyaga cyiza cya Tejoning mumujyi rwagati. Mu mpeshyi, imikumbi yimbwa zo mu gasozi zoga mu kiyaga cyubururu; mu gihe cy'itumba, abana barimo gusiganwa ku maguru no gukina ku kiyaga cyakonje, birashimishije cyane.

Reykjavik nicyo kigo cyigihugu cya politiki, ubucuruzi, inganda n’umuco ndetse nicyambu gikomeye cyo kuroba. Minisiteri zose za leta, inteko zishinga amategeko, amabanki nkuru na banki zingenzi zubucuruzi ziri hano. Inganda zo muri uyu mujyi zigize hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’igihugu, cyane cyane zirimo gutunganya amafi, gutunganya ibiribwa, kubaka ubwato n’imyenda. Ubwikorezi bufite umwanya w'ingenzi mu bukungu bw'umujyi, hamwe n'abagenzi n'imizigo bazenguruka isi. Ikibuga cy'indege cya Keflavík, ku birometero 47 uvuye i Reykjavik, ni ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Islande, gifite ingendo zisanzwe muri Amerika, Danemarke, Noruveje, Suwede, Ubudage na Luxembourg. Kaminuza ya Islande i Reykjavik niyo kaminuza yonyine mu gihugu.Yashinzwe mu 1911, ni kaminuza yuzuye ikubiyemo ubuvanganzo, ubumenyi kamere, tewolojiya, amategeko, ubukungu n’ubuvuzi.