I-Iceland, igama eligcwele leRiphabhlikhi yase-Iceland, ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-103,000. Izwe elisentshonalanga kakhulu eYurophu, lisenkabeni yeNorth Atlantic Ocean, eduze ne-Arctic Circle, elihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-8,000 futhi liyisiqhingi sesibili ngobukhulu eYurophu. Ugu lungamakhilomitha angama-4970 ubude. Amakota amathathu kuyo yonke insimu yithafa elinokuphakama kwamamitha angu-400-800, okukhona kuwo ingxenye yesishiyagalombili embozwe izinguzunga zeqhwa. Kunezintaba-mlilo ezingaphezu kwekhulu, kufaka phakathi izintaba-mlilo ezingaphezu kuka-20. Intaba-mlilo iWarnadalshenuk iyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ezweni, enamamitha angama-2119. Cishe lonke izwe lase-Iceland lakhiwe emadwaleni ezintaba-mlilo.Ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba ayinakulinywa.Kuneziphethu ezishisa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi izwe leqhwa nomlilo. Kunemithombo eminingi, izimpophoma, amachibi nemifula enejubane.Umfula omkhulu kunayo yonke, uMfula iSyuersao, ungamakhilomitha angama-227 ubude. I-Iceland inesimo sezulu esibandayo sasolwandle, esishintshashintshayo. Ngenxa yethonya leGulf Stream, inamandla kunezinye izindawo ebangeni elifanayo. Ilanga lasehlobo lide, ilanga lasebusika lifushane kakhulu. I-Aurora ingabonakala ekwindla nasekuqaleni kobusika.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezingama-23, omasipala abangama-21 namapherishi angama-203.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-8, izindela zase-Ireland zaqala zathuthela e-Iceland. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-9, iNorway yaqala ukuthuthela e-Iceland. IPhalamende neFederation of Iceland zasungulwa ngonyaka ka-930 AD. Ngo-1262, i-Iceland neNorway basayina isivumelwano, kanti ongqongqoshe base-Iceland babengabaseNorway. Ngo-1380 iBing neNorway babengaphansi kombuso waseDenmark. Kutholwe ukuzimela kwangaphakathi ngo-1904. Ngo-1918, uBingdan wasayina umthetho wesifundazwe othi iBing izwe elizimele, kodwa izindaba zangaphandle zisalawulwa yiDenmark. Ngo-1940, iDenmark yathathwa yiJalimane futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kukaBingdan noDan baphazamiseka. Ngawo lowo nyaka, amasosha aseBrithani ayemi eqhweni. NgoJuni 16, 1944, uMkhandlu Weqhwa wamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuqedwa kwe-Ice Dan Alliance, kwathi iRiphabhlikhi yase-Iceland yasungulwa ngomhla ka-17. Wajoyina iZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1946 futhi waba yilungu le-NATO ngo-1949.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande ngesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-25: 18. Umhlabathi wefulegi uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi iziphambano ezibomvu nezimhlophe zihlukanisa ifulegi libe yizicucu ezine: izikwele ezimbili eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namaceleni amabili alinganayo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka umele ulwandle kanti umhlophe umele iqhwa. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe yimibala kazwelonke yase-Iceland, ekhombisa izici zemvelo yemvelo yase-Iceland, okungukuthi, esibhakabhakeni esiluhlaza nasolwandle, "umhlaba weqhwa" -I-Iceland. I-Iceland ibiyinsimu yeNorway kusukela ngo-1262 futhi yayingaphansi kombuso waseDenmark ngekhulu le-14 leminyaka. Ngakho-ke, iphethini yesiphambano efulethini lisuselwa kuphethini yefulegi laseDenmark, okukhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-Iceland neNorway neDenmark emlandweni wase-Iceland.

I-Iceland inabantu abangama-308,000 (2006). Iningi labo lingabantu base-Iceland futhi bangabesizwe samaJalimane. Isi-Icelandic ulimi olusemthethweni, futhi isiNgisi ulimi oluvamile. Izakhamizi ezingama-85.4% zikholelwa kubuKrestu bamaLuthela.

Ezokudoba zingumgogodla womnotho, kanti le mboni ilawulwa izimboni ezisebenzisa kakhulu amandla njengokucubungula izinhlanzi nokuncibilikisa i-aluminium. Ukuncika okukhulu ekuhwebeni kwangaphandle. Ezokudoba, ukongiwa kwamanzi kanye nezinsiza eziphehla uthuthu ngokuphehla komhlaba ziningi, ezinye izinsiza zemvelo ziyindlala, futhi uphethiloli neminye imikhiqizo kudingeka ingeniswe. Umthamo waminyaka yonke wokukhiqiza ugesi ophehlwa amandla ongathuthukiswa ungama-kWh ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-64, futhi amandla wonyaka wokuphehla ugesi ngamandla angafinyelela ku-7.2 billion kWh. Isizinda sezimboni asibuthakathaka.Ngaphandle kwezimboni ezilula njengokulungiswa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba nokunitha, izimboni ziphethwe yizimboni ezisetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-aluminium smelting. Ukudoba imboni yezinsika yomnotho wezwe lonke lase-Iceland.Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi eziyinhloko yi-capelin, i-cod ne-herring.Imikhiqizo eminingi kakhulu yezokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanti ukuthunyelwa kwezinhlanzi kwamanye amazwe kubalwa cishe amaphesenti angama-70 okuphelele okuthengiswayo okuthengiswayo. Imikhumbi yokudoba yase-Iceland ihlome kahle futhi ubuchwepheshe bayo bokucubungula izinhlanzi ngumholi womhlaba. Itholakala ebangeni eliphakeme nelanga eliphansi.Kunamapulazi ambalwa kuphela eningizimu akhiqiza amathani angama-400 kuye kwangama-500 ezitshalo ngonyaka. Indawo yomhlaba olimekayo ingamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1 000, ibala u-1% wendawo isiyonke yezwe. Ukufuya izilwane kusesikhundleni esikhulu, futhi iningi lomhlaba wezolimo usetshenziswa njengamadlelo efolishi. Izimboni ezihambisanayo zokuphotha noboya besikhumba zithuthukiswa ngokuqhathaniswa. Inyama, ubisi, namaqanda kungaphezu kokuzimela, kanti okusanhlamvu, imifino, nezithelo kungeniswa emazweni angaphandle. Ukukhiqizwa kwamatamatisi namakhukhamba akhule ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo kungahlangabezana nama-70% okusetshenziswa kwasekhaya. Imboni yezinsizakalo ithathe isikhundla esibalulekile emnothweni wezwe, kufaka phakathi ezentengiselwano, ezamabhange, ezomshuwalense nezinsizakalo zomphakathi.Ivelu yayo yokukhipha ihlanganisa cishe isigamu se-GDP, kanye nenani labasebenzi elisebenza ngaphezu kwengxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabasebenzi. Thuthukisa ngamandla ezokuvakasha kusukela ngo-1980. Izindawo eziyinhloko zabavakashi izinguzunga zeqhwa ezinkulu, amafomula omhlaba anentaba-mlilo, imithombo yokushisa komhlaba nezimpophoma. I-GDP ngayinye ye-Iceland icishe ibe ama-US $ 30,000, ibalwa phakathi kokuhamba phambili emhlabeni. Ukusha nokuhlanzeka komoya namanzi kuhamba phambili emhlabeni. Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabantu singu-82.2 iminyaka yabesifazane neminyaka engama-78.1 kwabesilisa. Izinga lemfundo labo bonke abantu liphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa.Ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kwasuswa e-Iceland eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 eyedlule. I-Iceland isibe yizwe elinezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokungena kwamaselula emhlabeni ngo-1999.

IReykjavik: IReykjavik, inhlokodolobha yase-Iceland, itholakala ekhoneni eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeFahsa Bay entshonalanga ye-Iceland nasenyakatho yeNhlonhlo yaseSertiana. Itheku elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Iceland Idolobha libheke olwandle ngasentshonalanga, futhi lizungezwe izintaba ezisenyakatho nasempumalanga.Uthintwe yisimo samanje esifudumele saseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, isimo sezulu siphakathi nendawo, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile liyi-11 ° C ngoJulayi, -1 ° C ngoJanuwari, futhi isilinganiso sokushisa sonyaka esingu-4.3 ° C. Idolobha linabantu abangama-112,268 (Disemba 2001).

IReykjavík yasungulwa ngo-874 futhi yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1786. Ngo-1801, kwakuyisihlalo segunya elibusayo laseDenmark. Ngo-1904, iDenmark yakubona ukuzimela kwangaphakathi kwe-Iceland, kwathi uReykjavik waba yisihlalo sikahulumeni ozimele. Ngo-1940, iJalimane lamaNazi lathatha iDenmark, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-Iceland neDenmark baphazamiseka. NgoJuni 1944, i-Iceland yamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuqedwa kwe-Ice Dan Alliance kanye nokusungulwa kweRiphabhlikhi yase-Iceland.UReykjavik yaba inhlokodolobha.

IReykjavík iseduze ne-Arctic Circle futhi ineziphethu eziningi ezishisayo nama-fumaroles. Inganekwane ithi lapho abantu behlala lapha ngekhulu lesi-9 AD, babona intuthu emhlophe inyuka ogwini. Awuqondanga kahle umusi wamanzi oshisayo emithonjeni eshisayo njengomusi, futhi wabiza le ndawo ngokuthi "iReykjavik", okusho ukuthi "idolobha elibhemayo" ngesi-Icelandic. IReykjavik yathuthukisa ngamandla imithombo ye-geothermal, isibhakabhaka siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nedolobha lihlanzekile futhi cishe alinakho ukungcola, ngakho-ke laziwa ngokuthi "idolobha elingenantuthu". Noma nini lapho kuphuma ilanga lasekuseni noma ukushona kwelanga, iziqongo ezinhlangothini zombili zentaba zikhombisa umbala obubende obuntekenteke, bese kuthi amanzi olwandle aphenduke abe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enze abantu bazizwe sengathi basemdwebeni. Izakhiwo zikaReykjavík zilinganiswe kahle ngokuhleleka. Azikho izakhiwo zamabhilidi. Izindlu zincane futhi zinhle kakhulu. Zipendwe kakhulu ngokubomvu, ngokuluhlaza nangokuluhlaza. Ngaphansi kwelanga, zinemibala futhi zinemibala. Amabhilidi amakhulu njengehholo lephalamende kanye nezakhiwo zikahulumeni akhiwe ngaphesheya kweLake Tejoning enkabeni yedolobha. Ehlobo, imihlambi yamadada asendle iyabhukuda echibini eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; ebusika, izingane ziyashibilika futhi zidlala echibini elifriziwe, okuthakazelisa kakhulu.

IReykjavik iyisikhungo sikazwelonke sezepolitiki, ezentengiselwano, izimboni namasiko kanye nechweba elibalulekile lokudoba. Yonke iminyango kahulumeni, amaphalamende, amabhange amakhulu kanye namabhange abalulekile ezentengiselwano atholakala lapha. Imboni yedolobha ibanga cishe uhhafu wezwe, ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi ukucubungula izinhlanzi, ukwenziwa kokudla, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi nezindwangu. Ukuthumela kusesikhundleni esibalulekile emnothweni wedolobha, ngezinqola zabagibeli nezimpahla ezihamba emhlabeni wonke. Isikhumulo sezindiza iKeflavík, amakhilomitha angama-47 ukusuka eReykjavik, yisikhumulo sezindiza sase-Iceland, nezindiza ezijwayelekile eziya e-United States, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany naseLuxembourg. INyuvesi yase-Iceland eReykjavik iyona kuphela inyuvesi ezweni.Yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1911, iyunivesithi ebanzi ebandakanya izincwadi, isayensi yemvelo, imfundiso yenkolo, umthetho, ezomnotho nemithi.