Lebanon, the full name of the Lebanese Republic, covers an area of ​​10452 square kilometers. Located on the east coast of the Mediterranean in southern West Asia. It borders Syria to the east and north, Palestine to the south, and the Mediterranean to the west. The coastline is 220 kilometers long. According to the topography, the whole territory can be divided into the coastal plain; the Lebanese mountains on the east side of the coastal plain; the Bekaa valley on the east side of Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon mountain on the east. Mount Lebanon runs through the entire territory, and the Kurnet-Sauda Mountain is 3083 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Lebanon. There are many rivers that flow westward into the Mediterranean Sea. The Litani River is the longest river in the country. Lebanon has a tropical Mediterranean climate.

The Canaanites from the Arabian Peninsula first settled in the area in 3000 BC. It was part of Phoenician in 2000 BC, and was ruled by Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, and Rome. It became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. After the First World War, Britain and France invaded Lebanon, and in 1920 it was reduced to a French mandate. On November 26, 1941, France announced the end of its mandate to Lebanon. It gained independence on November 22, 1943 and established the Lebanese Republic. In December 1946, after all the French troops withdrew, Lebanon gained full autonomy.

National flag: It is rectangular with a ratio of length to width of 3:2. The middle is a white rectangle, which occupies half of the flag surface; the upper and lower are two red rectangles. In the middle of the flag is a green Lebanese cedar, which is called the King of Plants in the Bible. White symbolizes peace and red symbolizes the spirit of self-sacrifice; cedar is known as the national tree of Lebanon, representing the perseverance of struggle and the strength of the people, as well as purity and eternal life.

Lebanon has a population of 4 million (2000). The vast majority are Arabs, as well as Armenians, Turks, and Greeks. Arabic is the national language, and French and English are commonly used. About 54% of the residents believe in Islam, mainly Shia, Sunni and Druze; 46% believe in Christianity, mainly Maronite, Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Armenian Orthodox.

Beirut: Beirut is the capital of Lebanon. It is located on a protruding headland in the middle of the Lebanese coastline. It faces the Mediterranean Sea and is backed by the Lebanon Mountains. It is the largest port on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The city is also a seaside city known for its unique architectural style and beautiful climate environment. The city covers an area of ​​67 square kilometers. It has a Mediterranean climate with a warm climate, with an average annual temperature of 21°C, a small annual temperature difference, and rainy winters. The average maximum temperature in July is 32℃, and the average minimum temperature in January is 11℃. The word "Beirut" is derived from the Phoenician "Belitus", which means "the city of many wells", and some ancient wells in Beirut are still in use today. The population is 1.8 million (2004), and one-third of the residents are Sunni Muslims. Others include Armenian Orthodox, Orthodox, Catholic, and Shiite Muslims. The ethnic minorities include Armenians, Palestinians and Syrians.

As early as the Neolithic Age, humans lived on the coast and cliffs of Beirut. In the Phoenician era, Beirut had already taken shape as a city. It was an important commercial port at that time and was famous for its weaving industry, printing and dyeing industry, and cast iron industry. In the Greek era, Alexander the Great’s army stationed in Beirut in 333 BC, giving the city the characteristics of Greek civilization. Beirut's prosperity reached its peak during the Roman Empire, with Romanesque squares, theaters, sports fields, and bathhouses lined up. Beirut was destroyed by strong earthquakes and tsunamis in 349 AD and 551 AD. In 635 AD, the Arabs occupied Beirut. The Crusaders captured Beirut in 1110, and in 1187, the famous Arab general Saladin recovered it. Until the end of World War I, Beirut has been a part of the Ottoman Empire, especially after the Ottoman Empire moved the provincial government to Beirut, the city area continued to expand. After the Second World War, especially after Lebanon's independence, Beirut's urban construction developed by leaps and bounds, becoming the financial, tourism and news center of the Middle East, and it is famous for its re-export trade. Before the Civil War, it was a well-known center of business, finance, transportation, tourism, and press and publication in the Middle East.

In Beirut, there are preserved Roman walls, temples, pools, and mosques from the Ottoman Empire. In Biblos, more than 30 kilometers north of Beirut, you can still see a Phoenician village and the remains of Roman castles, temples, houses, shops, and theaters. Among the many monuments, the most attractive for tourists is the temple called Baalbek, more than 80 kilometers northeast of Beirut, which is one of the most famous monuments in the world.