Austria Cov Ntaub Ntawv Sau Yooj Yim
| Sijhawm hauv zos | Koj lub sijhawm |
|---|---|
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| Zos cheeb tsam | Sij hawm cheeb tsam sib txawv |
| UTC/GMT +1 teev |
| latitude / ntev ntev |
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| 47°41'49"N / 13°20'47"E |
| iso encoding |
| AT / AUT |
| txiaj |
| Euro (EUR) |
| Lus |
| German (official nationwide) 88.6% Turkish 2.3% Serbian 2.2% Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6% other (includes Slovene official in Carinthia and Hungarian official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 census) |
| hluav taws xob |
 F-hom Shuko ntsaws |
| chij teb chaws |
|---|
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| peev |
| Vienna |
| cov npe hauv txhab cia nyiaj |
| Austria cov npe hauv txhab cia nyiaj |
| pejxeem |
| 8,205,000 |
| thaj chaw |
| 83,858 KM2 |
| GDP (USD) |
| 417,900,000,000 |
| xov tooj |
| 3,342,000 |
| Xov tooj ntawm tes |
| 13,590,000 |
| Tus naj npawb ntawm Is Taws Nem |
| 3,512,000 |
| Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg siv Is Taws Nem |
| 6,143,000 |
Austria taw qhia
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Austria siv thaj tsam ntawm 83,858 square kilometers thiab nyob hauv thaj av hauv cov teb chaws nyob rau sab qab teb Central Europe. Nws muaj ciam teb rau Slovakia thiab Hungary rau sab hnub tuaj, Slovenia thiab Ltalis rau sab qab teb, Switzerland thiab Liechtenstein rau sab hnub poob, thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Czech koom pheej rau sab qaum teb. Toj roob hauv pes txog 70% ntawm thaj av lub teb chaws. Sab Hnub Tuaj Alps hla thoob plaws thaj chaw txij li sab hnub poob mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Tus neeg qaum teb yog Vienna Phiab, sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb yog cov toj roob hauv pes thiab toj siab, thiab tus dej Danube ntws thoob plaws rau sab qaum teb. Nws yog rau qhov huab cua huab cua sov dav thiab muaj huab cua hloov los ntawm dej hiav txwv mus rau sab av loj. Austria, lub npe puv ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Austria, nrog thaj tsam ntawm 83,858 square km, yog lub teb chaws tsis muaj av nyob rau yav qab teb Central Europe. Nws muaj ciam teb rau Slovakia thiab Hungary rau sab hnub tuaj, Slovenia thiab Ltalis rau sab qab teb, Switzerland thiab Liechtenstein rau sab hnub poob, thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Czech koom pheej rau sab qaum teb. Roob yog 70% ntawm lub tebchaws. Alps nyob rau sab hnub tuaj hla tag nrho cov chaw uas los ntawm sab hnub poob mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Lub roob Grossglockner yog 3,797 metres siab tshaj hiav txwv, uas yog qhov chaw siab tshaj hauv lub tebchaws. Yav nruab nrab sab hnub tuaj yog Vienna Phiab, thiab sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb yog toj roob hauv pes thiab toj siab. Tus dej Danube ntws dhau tus qaum teb sab hnub tuaj thiab ntev li 350 km ntev. Muaj Lake Constance tau qhia rau Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Switzerland thiab Lake Neusiedl ntawm ciam teb nruab nrab ntawm Austria thiab Hungary. Nws muaj huab cua sov qhov dav huab cua hloov mus los ntawm dej hiav txwv mus rau av hiav txwv, nrog qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo dej nag ntev li 700 hli. Lub teb chaws tau muab faib ua 9 lub xeev, 15 lub nroog nrog kev ywj pheej, 84 cheeb tsam thiab 2,355 lub zos nyob rau qib qis. 9 lub xeev yog: Burgenland, Carinthia, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Vienna. Muaj ntau lub nroog, koog tsev thiab nroog (nroog) hauv qab lub xeev. Xyoo 400 BC, Celts tau tsim tsa lub tebchaws Noricon ntawm no. Nws tau txeeb teb chaws los ntawm Loos xyoo 15 BC. Thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, Goths, Bavarians, thiab Alemanni tau nyob ntawm no, uas ua rau thaj chaw Germanic thiab Christianized. Xyoo 996 AD, "Austria" yog thawj zaug hais hauv cov ntawv keeb kwm. Lub duchy tsim thaum lub sijhawm txoj kev kav ntawm tsev neeg Babenberg nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 12th thiab tau los ua ib lub tebchaws ywj pheej. Nws tau txeeb chaw los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Roman Xyoo 1276, thiab xyoo 1278, Lub Tuam Txhab Habsburg pib nws txoj cai 640-xyoo. Xyoo 1699, nws yeej muaj cai los tswj Hungary. Xyoo 1804, Franz II tau tuav lub npe ua Emperor ntawm Austria, thiab raug yuam kom tawm haujlwm ntawm lub npe Huab tais ntawm lub tebchaws Roman faj tim teb chaws xyoo 1806. Xyoo 1815, tom qab Lub Rooj Sab Laj Vienna, Lub Koom Haum German sawv los ntawm Austria tau tsim. Cov kev hloov mus rau ib txoj cai tswj hwm kev tswj hwm los ntawm 1860 rau 1866. Xyoo 1866, nws tau ploj hauv Prussian-Austrian War thiab raug yuam kom yaj lub Koomhaum German. Xyoo tom qab, ib qho kev pom zoo tau kos npe nrog Hungary los tsim kom muaj lub dualistic Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum 1, Austria cov tub rog tau swb thiab lub tebchaws poob. Austria tshaj tawm kev tsim tsa koom pheej rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 12, 1918. Nws tau txuas nrog los ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees hauv Lub Peb Hlis 1938. Koom nrog ua tsov rog ua ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob. Tom qab cov tub rog Allied dim tau Austria, Austria tsim tau ib lub tseem hwv los mus rau lub Plaub Hlis 27, 1945. Lub Xya Hli ntawm tib lub xyoo, tom qab lub tebchaws Yelemes tawm tsam, Austria tau rov qab los ntawm Soviet, Asmeskas, Askiv, thiab Fabkis cov tub rog, thiab tag nrho thaj chaw tau muab faib ua 4 thaj chaw txoj haujlwm. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis xyoo 1955, plaub lub tebchaws tau kos npe rau tsab ntawv cog lus nrog Austria tshaj tawm tias hwm Austria txoj kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej. Lub Kaum Hli 1955, tag nrho cov tub rog rov qab tawm. Lub Kaum Hlis 26 ntawm tib lub xyoo, Austrian National Assembly tau tshaj tawm txoj cai lij choj mus ntxiv, tshaj tawm tias nws yuav tsis koom nrog pawg tub rog twg thiab yuav tsis tso cai rau kev tsim cov chaw tub rog txawv teb chaws ntawm nws thaj av. Lub teb chaws chij: Nws yog plaub nrog cov lus qhia kom ntev li ntawm 3: 2. Los ntawm sab saud mus txog hauv qab, nws yog tsim ntawm peb kab tav toj kab ib ntawm txoj kab liab, dawb, thiab liab. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tus chij no tuaj yeem taug tau rov qab mus rau Austro-Hungarian teb chaws Ottoman. Nws tau hais tias thaum lub caij sib tua hnyav ntawm Duke of Babenberg thiab King Richard I ntawm Askiv, lub Duke daim tiab dawb yuav luag txhua xim liab nrog ntshav, tseg tsuas yog lub cim dawb ntawm rab ntaj. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov Duke pab tub rog tau saws liab, dawb thiab xim liab raws li cov xim ntawm tus chij sib ntaus sib tua. Xyoo 1786, Vaj Ntxwv Yauxej II tau siv lub chij liab, dawb, thiab liab liab ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab xyoo 1919 nws tau lees paub tias tus chij Austrian. Lub koom haum tsoomfwv Austrian, cov thawjcoj, tus thawj tswj hwm thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev thiab tsoomfwv cov koomhaum sab nraud siv txhua tus chij hauv lub tebchaws, thiab feem ntau tsis xav tau lub tebchaws cov cim. Austria yog lub chaw nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab yog qhov chaw thauj khoom tseem ceeb hauv Tebchaws Europe. Austria qhov kev lag luam tseem ceeb yog mining, hlau, tshuab kev lag luam, petrochemical, hluav taws xob, kev ua hlau, tsheb tsim, ntawv, khaub ncaws, ntawv, khoom noj khoom haus, thiab lwm yam kev lag luam mining muaj tsawg. Xyoo 2006, Austria qhov nyiaj tau los tag nrho lub teb chaws yog 309.346 billion nyiaj daus las, thiab cov nyiaj tau los rau ib tug neeg tau nce 37,771 Asmeskas las. Kev lag luam steel nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam hauv teb chaws. Austria kev lag luam chemical muaj ntau nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv raw, xws li ntoo, roj, ntuj tsim thiab thee tar, uas muab cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg. Cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb yog cellulose, nitrogen fertilizer thiab cov khoom lag luam petrochemical. Kev tsim kev lag luam ua tshuab ua cov khoom tsim kev lag luam tiav, xws li siv tshuab hluav taws xob, cov tshuab hluav taws xob ntau txoj hauv kev, cov choj tsim txoj kev siv tshuab, cov tshuab ua cav ntoo thiab cov khoom siv drilling. Kev lag luam hauv lub tsheb yog lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Austrian machinery manufacturing kev lag luam. Mas tsim cov tsheb thauj khoom, cov tsheb tawm hauv kev, tsheb laij teb, tsheb laij teb, tsheb thauj cov tub rog caij tsheb thiab cov khoom seem. Austria yog nplua nuj nyob hauv hav zoov thiab dej siv. Cov hav zoov tau suav txog 42% ntawm thaj av thaj av, nrog 4 lab hectares ntawm cov hav zoov ua liaj ua teb thiab kwv yees li 990 lab mev ntawm cov ntoo. Kev ua liaj ua teb tau tsim thiab kev tsim kho tshuab muaj siab. Ntau dua li nws tus kheej txaus hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev pabcuam kev lag luam muaj kwv yees li 56% ntawm tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm .Txoj kev ncig xyuas yog qhov kev pabcuam kev lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lub chaw ncig tebchaws tseem ceeb yog Tyrol, Salzburg, Carinthia thiab Vienna. Kev ua lag luam hauv Austria tau coj los ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam. Cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb yog cov hlau, tshuab, tsheb thauj mus los, tshuaj lom neeg thiab khoom noj. Kev siv yog feem ntau ntawm lub zog, cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom. Kev ua liaj ua teb yog tsim tawm. Thaum nws mus txog rau Austria, tsis muaj leej twg paub nws cov nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam. Keeb kwm Austrian tau tsim ntau lub suab npe hauv ntiaj teb: Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, John Strauss, thiab Beethoven, uas yug los hauv tebchaws Yelemes tab sis nyob hauv Austria tau ntev. Ntau tshaj li ob puas xyoo dhau los, cov masters ntawm cov suab paj nruag tau tso ib qho keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua zoo heev rau Austria thiab tsim lub cim kab lis kev cai hauv tebchaws. Salzburg Music Festival hauv Austria yog ib qho ntawm kev hu nkauj qub tshaj plaws, qib siab thiab loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Kev sib tham ntawm Vienna Xyoo Tshiab txhua xyoo tuaj yeem piav qhia yog qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj mloog zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Ua xyoo 1869, Royal Opera House (tam sim no hu ua Vienna State Opera) yog ib lub tsev ua yeeb yam nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, thiab Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra tau lees paub tias yog lub ntiaj teb ua ntej tshaj tawm ntawm lub suab paj nruag. Ntxiv rau qhov no, Austria kuj tau tshwm sim nrog cov neeg muaj suab npe hauv ntiaj teb xws li tus kws kho paj hlwb nrov npe, Freud, cov neeg sau ntawv nrov npe Zweig thiab Kafka. Ua ib lub tebchaws muaj npe nyob hauv European nrog kab lis kev cai kab lis kev cai, Austria tau khaws ntau qhov chaw keeb kwm txij li Nrab Hnub nyoog. Vienna Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna State Opera, Vienna Concert Hall, thiab lwm yam, yog txhua qhov chaw thoob ntiaj teb nyiam tuaj ncig tebchaws. Cov. Vienna lub npe hu ua "Poj huab tais ntawm Danube". Cov chaw ib puag ncig zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj heev. Nce mus rau ntawm lub foothills ntawm Alps nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub nroog, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov chaw tsis muaj hav zoov "Vienna Hav Zoov"; sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog tig mus rau Danube Phiab, thiab koj tuaj yeem saib hla lub roob ntsuab uas ci ntsa iab ntawm Carpathian Roob. Cov nyom dav rau sab qaum teb yog zoo li cov kuab ntsuab loj, thiab lub hnub ci ntsa iab ntws los ntawm nws. Cov tsev tau ua raws lub roob, nrog ntau lub tsev txuas nrog txhua lwm, nrog sib txawv. Saib ntawm kev deb, lub tsev teev ntuj vaj tse ntawm ntau yam qauv nrum cov xim qub thiab xim ntawm lub nroog nrog cov roob ntsuab thiab dej ntshiab. Cov kev hauv nroog muaj lub nplhaib sib luag, 50 meters dav, thiab sab hauv lub nroog yog nyob hauv txoj kab kev puag ncig uas muaj txoj kab ntoo nrog ob sab. Txoj kev coj ua tsis ncaj hauv lub nroog sab hauv yog hla kev, muaj ob peb lub tuam tsev siab, feem ntau yog cov tsev Baroque, Gothic thiab Romanesque. Vienna lub npe ib txwm txuas rau nkauj. Ntau lub suab paj nruag masters, xws li Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, John Strauss thiab Sons, Gryuk thiab Brahms tau siv ntau xyoo hauv kev ua haujlwm suab paj nruag. Haydn's "Emperor Quartet", Mozart's "Tshoob Zaj tshoob Figaro", Beethoven "Symphony of Destiny", "Pastoral Symphony", "Moonlight Sonata", "Heroes Symphony", Schubert's "Tus Swan Cov suab paj nruag nto moo xws li "Nkauj", "Kev Taug Kev Caij Ntuj No", John Strauss '"Blue Danube" thiab "Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Vienna Wood" tau tag nrho yug los ntawm no. Ntau lub tiaj ua si thiab ntau fab sawv nrog lawv cov qauv, thiab ntau txoj hauv kev, auditoriums, thiab chav tsev sib tham yog npe tom qab cov neeg ntaus nkauj no. Cov tsev nyob qub thiab qub ntawm cov nkauj ua yeeb yaj kiab ib txwm muaj rau cov neeg mus saib thiab them se rau. Niaj hnub no, Vienna muaj lub ntiaj teb zoo nkauj tshaj Hauv Lub Xeev Opera, chav ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj thiab cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws. Ib qho Kev Lom Zem Xyoo Tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv Golden Hall ntawm Vienna Cov phooj ywg ntawm Music Association nyob rau lub Ib Hlis 1 txhua txhua xyoo. Ntxiv rau New York thiab Geneva, Vienna yog lub nroog thib peb ntawm United Nations. Lub Austrian International Center, tseem hu ua "United Nations City", ua rau xyoo 1979, yog qhov muaj zog thiab yog qhov chaw ntawm ntau lub koom haum hauv tebchaws United Nations. Salzburg: Salzburg (Salzburg) yog lub peev ntawm Salzburg lub xeev nyob rau sab qaum teb Austria, nyob ntawm ciam teb Salzach River, qhov chaw dej ntawm Danube, thiab yog cov kev thauj mus los, chaw tsim khoom thiab chaw ncig ntawm qaum teb Austria. Nov yog qhov chaw yug ntawm tus kws sau nkauj Mozart, lub npe hu ua "Music Art Center". Salzburg tau tsim los ua lub nroog hauv 1077, thiab tau txais kev pabcuam raws li qhov chaw nyob thiab kev ua si ntawm Catholic Archbishop hauv xyoo pua 8 thiab 18. Salzburg tawg tawm ntawm kev cai tswj hwm kev ntseeg hauv xyoo 1802. Xyoo 1809, nws tau rov qab mus rau Bavaria raws li Kev Cog Lus ntawm Schönbrunn, thiab Congress ntawm Vienna (1814-1815) tau txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau Austria. Daim duab kos duab kos ntawm no yog piv rau Ltalis Venice thiab Florence, thiab yog hu ua "Northern Rome". Lub nroog nyob ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm Salzach River, zes ntawm cov daus-capped Alpine peaks. Lub nroog nyob puag ncig nrog cov lus ntxig pem roob, muaj kev ntxim nyiam. Holchen Salzburg (xyoo pua 11th) nyob rau yav qab teb ntu ntawm ntug dej sab xis, tom qab 900 xyoo ntawm cua thiab los nag, tseem sawv siab thiab ua haujlwm. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws-khaws cia thiab loj tshaj plaws hauv tsev fuabtais hauv nruab nrab hauv Central Europe. Lub Benedictine Abbey tau tsim tsa thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 7 thiab tau ua qhov chaw ntev ntawm kev tshajtawm hauv zos. Lub tsev teev ntuj Franciscan txhim tsa xyoo 1223. Ua rau thaum ntxov xyoo pua 17th, lub tsev teev hawm faus neeg Dawb huv lub nroog Loos yog thawj lub tsev Italian-style hauv Austria. Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Archbishop nyob Renaissance palace ntawm 16th mus rau 18th caug xyoo. Mirabell Palace keeb kwm yog lub loog ua rau Archbishop ntawm Salzburg nyob rau xyoo 17. Nws tau nthuav dav nyob rau xyoo pua 18 thiab tam sim no yog lub chaw ncig xyuas suav nrog suav chaw, cov tsev teev ntuj, lub vaj, thiab lub tsev khaws puav pheej. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub nroog yog vaj vaj ua kab lis kev cai thaum xyoo 17th, hu ua "kev ua si hauv dej". Hauv qab lub tsev nyob sab nraud ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev hauv lub vaj, muaj cov kav dej nyob hauv av ntawm ob sab kev uas tua dej txij ua ke mus ua ke, sib faib cov dej, los thaiv kab nag thiab pos huab. Taug kev mus rau hauv lub qhov tsua huab cua hauv lub vaj, cov dej ntws tsis sib xws ua rau muaj suab nrov 26 noog, ua lub suab nkauj nrov nrov ntawm cov noog ntawm lub roob khoob. Nyob rau theem kev tswj hwm los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv cav, los ntawm qhov kev nqis tes ua dej, 156 villains tau rov ua qhov chaw ntawm lub neej nyob hauv lub nroog me ntawm no ntau dua 300 xyoo dhau los. Taug kev mus rau hauv Salzburg, Mozart tuaj yeem pom txhua qhov chaw. Lub Ib Hlis 27, 1756, tus kws sau nkauj zoo Mozart tau yug los ntawm 9 Grain Street hauv lub nroog. Xyoo 1917 Mozart lub tsev raug hloov mus rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej. |