I-Austria, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhlikhi yase-Austria, enendawo engama-83,858 yeekhilomitha, lilizwe elinomhlaba elikumazantsi e-Yurophu. Imida iSlovakia neHungary ngasempuma, iSlovenia ne-Itali emazantsi, iSwitzerland neLiechtenstein ngasentshona, kunye neJamani neRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech ukuya emantla. Iintaba zenza i-70% yendawo yeli lizwe. IiAlps ezisempuma zinqumla kuwo wonke umhlaba ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma Intaba iGrossglockner ziimitha ezingama-3,797 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, eyona ndawo iphakamileyo elizweni. Umntla-mpuma yiVienna Basin, kwaye emantla nasempuma mpuma ziinduli namathafa. Umlambo iDanube uqukuqela emntla mpuma kwaye umalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-350 ubude. Kukho iLake Constance ekwabelwana ngayo neJamani kunye neSwitzerland kunye neLake Neusiedl kumda ophakathi kweAustria neHungary. Inemozulu epholileyo enamagqabi ebanzi eguquguqukayo esuka elwandle iye kwilizwekazi, kunye nemvula enesilinganiso semvula esimalunga ne-700 mm.

Ilizwe lahlulwe langamazwe ali-9, iidolophu ezili-15 ezinokuzimela, izithili ezingama-84 kunye neelokishi ezingama-2,355 kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi. Amazwe ali-9 ngala: Burgenland, Carinthia, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Vienna. Kukho izixeko, izithili, iidolophu (iilokishi) ezantsi kombuso.

Ngo-400 BC, amaCelt aqalisa ubukumkani baseNoricon apha. Kwakuhlalwa ngamaRoma kwi-15 BC. Ekuqaleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi, amaGoth, amaBavaria kunye neAlemanni bahlala kuwo, benza lo mmandla waba ngowamaJamani nowamaKristu. Ngo-996 AD, i "Austria" yaqala ukukhankanywa kwiincwadi zembali. Iduchy eyenziwe ngexesha lokulawula kosapho lwaseBabenberg embindini wenkulungwane ye-12 kwaye yaba lilizwe elizimeleyo. Yahlaselwa buBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma ngo-1276, kwaye ngo-1278, ubukhosi baseHabsburg baqalisa ulawulo lwayo lweminyaka engama-640. Ngo-1699 waphumelela ilungelo lokulawula iHungary. Ngo-1804, uFranz II wamkela isihloko sokuba ngu-Emperor wase-Austria, kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe sokuba ngu-Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ngo-1806. Ngo-1815, emva kweNkomfa yaseVienna, kwasekwa i-Confederation yaseJamani eyayikhokelwa yi-Austria. Utshintsho kubukumkani obulawula umgaqo-siseko ukusuka ku-1860 ukuya ku-1866. Ngo-1866, waphulukana neMfazwe yase-Prussian-Austrian kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba achithe i-Confederation yaseJamani. Kunyaka olandelayo, isivumelwano satyikitywa neHungary sokuseka ubukhosi base-Austro-Hungary. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, umkhosi wase-Austrian woyiswa kwaye ubukhosi bawa. I-Austria yabhengeza ukusekwa kwiriphabliki ngo-Novemba 12, 1918. Yadityaniswa yiJamani yamaNazi ngo-Matshi 1938. Ujoyine imfazwe njengenxalenye yeJamani kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Emva kokuba imikhosi eManyeneyo ikhulule iOstriya, iOstriya yamisela urhulumente wethutyana ngoAprili 27, 1945. NgoJulayi kwakuloo nyaka, emva kokuba iJamani inikezele, i-Austria yaphinda yathinjwa yimikhosi yaseSoviet, yaseMelika, yaseBritane neyaseFrance, yaza loo mmandla wonke wohlulwahlulwahlulwa waba yimimandla emi-4. Ngo-Meyi ka-1955, la mazwe mane atyikitya isivumelwano kunye ne-Austria evakalisa ukuhlonelwa kolawulo lwase-Austria kunye nokuzimela. Ngo-Okthobha u-1955, yonke imikhosi eyayihleli irhoxile. Nge-26 ka-Okthobha kwakuloo nyaka, iNdibano yesiZwe yase-Austrian yapasisa umthetho osisigxina, ibhengeza ukuba ayizukuthatha inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na imanyano yomkhosi kwaye ayizukuvumela ukusekwa kweziseko zasemkhosini zangaphandle kummandla wayo.

Iflegi yesizwe: Yixande kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi, yenziwa ngokudibanisa oonxantathu abathathu abathe tyaba ababomvu, abamhlophe nabomvu.Umfuziselo wesizwe wase-Austrian uphakathi kwiflegi. Imvelaphi yale flegi ingalandwa emva koBukhosi base-Austro-Hungary.Kuthiwa ngexesha lomlo oshushu phakathi kukaDuke waseBabenberg kunye noKing Richard I waseNgilani, iyunifomu emhlophe kaDuke phantse yonke yayidyojwe ligazi, kwasala uphawu olumhlophe kuphela kwikrele. Ukusukela ngoko, umkhosi kaDuke wamkela obomvu, omhlophe nobomvu njengombala weflegi yedabi. Ngo-1786, uKing Joseph II wasebenzisa iflegi ebomvu, emhlophe nebomvu njengeflegi yomkhosi, kwaye ngo-1919 yonyulwa ngokusemthethweni njengeflegi yase-Austrian. Iiarhente zikarhulumente waseAustria, abaphathiswa, oomongameli kunye nabanye abameli abasemthethweni kunye neearhente zikarhulumente phesheya zonke zisebenzisa iflegi yesizwe enomfuziselo wesizwe, kwaye ngokubanzi ayifuni mfuziselo welizwe.

I-Austria iphakathi kweYurophu kwaye iyindawo ebalulekileyo yokuthutha eYurophu. Amacandelo aphambili e-Austria yimigodi, isinyithi, ukuvelisa oomatshini, i-petrochemicals, umbane, ukwenziwa kwesinyithi, ukwenziwa kweemoto, amalaphu, impahla, iphepha, ukutya, njl. Icandelo lezemigodi lincinci. Ngo-2006, imveliso yelizwe e-Austria yayingama-309.346 ezigidi zeedola zaseMelika, kwaye umntu ngamnye wafikelela kuma-37,771 eedola zaseMelika. Umzi mveliso wentsimbi uhlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Umzi mveliso weekhemikhali wase-Austria ucebile ngezinto ezingenaxabiso, ezinje ngomthi, i-oyile, irhasi yendalo kunye netela yamalahle, ebonelela ngeemeko ezifanelekileyo zokuphuhliswa kwemizi-mveliso yamachiza. Ezona mveliso zeekhemikhali ziphambili yi-cellulose, isichumiso se-nitrogen kunye neemveliso zepetrochemical. Umzi mveliso wokuvelisa oomatshini ikakhulu uvelisa iiseti ezigcweleyo zoomatshini abasebenza kwimizi-mveliso, ezinje ngombane ophehla umbane, abachebi abaninzi bamalahle, oomatshini bokwakha indlela kaloliwe, oomatshini bokulungisa iinkuni kunye nezixhobo zokomba. Umzi mveliso weemoto lelinye icandelo eliphambili kwimveliso yokuvelisa oomatshini baseAustria. Ikakhulu ukuvelisa iilori, izithuthi ezindleleni, iitrekta, iitrektara, izithuthi zothutho kunye nezinye izinto. I-Austria ityebile kumahlathi nakwimithombo yamanzi. Amahlathi enza i-42% yommandla womhlaba welizwe, unezigidi ezine zehektare zeefama zehlathi kwaye malunga ne-990 yezigidi zeekyubhiki mitha. Ezolimo ziyaphuhliswa kwaye nenqanaba loomatshini liphezulu. Ngaphezulu kokuzimela kwiimveliso zezolimo. Abasebenzi abakwishishini leenkonzo banika malunga nama-56% abasebenzi xa bebonke.Ukhenketho lelona shishini leenkonzo libaluleke kakhulu.Ezona ndawo ziphambili zabakhenkethi yiTyrol, iSalzburg, iCarinthia neVienna. Urhwebo lwangaphandle lwase-Austria lukwindawo ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho. Ezona mveliso ziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle yintsimbi, oomatshini, ukuthuthwa, imichiza kunye nokutya. Ukungenisa elizweni ikakhulu amandla, izinto ezingavuthiweyo kunye neempahla zabathengi. Ezolimo ziyaphuhliswa.

Xa kuziwa e-Austria, akukho mntu wazi umculo wayo kunye ne-opera. Imbali yase-Austrian ivelise iimvumi ezininzi ezaziwa kwihlabathi liphela: Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Johann Strauss, noBeethoven owazalelwa eJamani kodwa wahlala e-Austria ixesha elide. Kwisithuba esingaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ezi ngcungela zomculo zishiye ilifa lenkcubeko elityebe kakhulu e-Austria kwaye zayila inkcubeko yesizwe eyahlukileyo. Umnyhadala woMculo waseSalzburg eOstriya yenye yezona ndawo zindala, zikwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye neminyhadala yomculo weklasikhi ehlabathini. Ikhonsathi yonyaka omtsha yaseVienna yoNyaka oMtsha ingachazwa njengeyona konsathi imanyelwe kakhulu kwihlabathi. Eyakhelwe ngo-1869, iRoyal Opera House (ngoku eyaziwa njengeVienna State Opera) yenye yezona zindlu zidumileyo ze-opera ehlabathini, kwaye iVienna Philharmonic Orchestra yamkelwe njenge-orchestra yenkulumbuso yehlabathi.

Ukongeza, iAustria iphinde yavela ngamanani abaziwayo kwihlabathi jikelele njengoGqirha odumileyo wezengqondo, umbhali wenoveli odumileyo uZweig noKafka.

Njengelizwe elaziwayo laseYurophu elinamasiko nezithethe, iAustria igcine iindawo ezininzi zembali ukusukela kwiminyaka yakwaphakathi. IVienna Schönbrunn Palace, iVienna State Opera, iVienna Concert Hall, njl. .

I-Vienna: isixeko esidume umhlaba-ikomkhulu lase-Austrian iVienna (Vienna) ibekwe eVienna Basin kumazantsi eAlps kumantla mpuma e-Austria. ijikelezwe ziintaba kumacala amathathu, iDanube River idlula esixekweni, kwaye ijikelezwe lidumileyo IVienna Woods. Inani labemi li-1.563 yezigidi (2000). Kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, amaRoma akha inqaba apha. Ngo-1137, yayisisixeko sokuqala se-Principality of Austria. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, ngokunyuka kosapho lwasebukhosini lwaseHabsburg kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezileyo, izakhiwo ezihle zaseGothic zakhula njengamakhowa. Emva kwenkulungwane ye-15, yaba likomkhulu loBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma kunye neziko lezoqoqosho laseYurophu. Kwinkulungwane ye-18, uMaria Tielezia wayenomdla wohlaziyo ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe, ehlasela imikhosi yecawa, ekhuthaza inkqubela phambili kwezentlalo, kwangaxeshanye ezisa impumelelo kwezobugcisa, esenza iVienna ngokuthe ngcembe yaba liziko lomculo weklasikhi waseYurophu kwaye wazuza igama elithi "Music City" .

I-Vienna yaziwa ngokuba "nguThixokazi weDanube". Imekobume intle kwaye nomtsalane uyathandeka. Yenyuka uye kumazantsi eentaba zeAlps kwintshona yesixeko, ungayibona indiza "yeHlathi yeVienna"; empuma yesixeko ijongene neDanube Basin, kwaye ungazijonga iincopho ezikhazimlayo eziluhlaza zeCarpathia Mountains. Ingca ebanzi esemantla ifana nethape elikhulu eliluhlaza, kwaye iDanube ebengezelayo iyahamba kuyo. Izindlu zakhiwe ecaleni kwentaba, zinezakhiwo ezininzi ezinxibeleleneyo, zinamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Ukujonga kude, izakhiwo zecawa zezitayile ezahlukeneyo zenza umbala wakudala kunye nesixeko esixekweni sineentaba eziluhlaza kunye namanzi acwengileyo. Izitalato zedolophu zikwimo yomsesane weradial, iimitha ezingama-50 ububanzi, kwaye umzi ongaphakathi ungaphakathi kwendlela ejikelezileyo enemithi macala omabini. Izitrato ezinamakhonkco akwidolophu engaphakathi zinqamlezwe, zinezakhiwo ezimbalwa eziphakamileyo, ubukhulu becala izakhiwo zeBaroque, Gothic kunye neRomanesque.

Igama likaVienna lihlala linxulunyaniswa nomculo. Uninzi lweenkosi zomculo, ezinje ngoHaydn, uMozart, uBeethoven, uShubhubert, uJohn Strauss kunye noonyana, uGryuk kunye neBrahms, bachitha iminyaka emininzi kulo msebenzi womculo. Haydn's "Emperor Quartet", Mozart "Umtshato ka Figaro", Beethoven "Symphony of Destiny", "Pastoral Symphony", "Moonlight Sonata", "Heroes Symphony", Schubert's "Swan of the Swan" Umculo odumileyo njengo "Ingoma", "Uhambo lwaseBusika", uJohn Strauss '"Blue Danube" kunye ne "Ibali laseVienna Woods" zonke zazalelwa apha. Iipaki ezininzi kunye nezikwere zime nemifanekiso yazo eqingqiweyo, kwaye izitrato ezininzi, iiholo, kunye neeholo zenkomfa zithiywa ngala magcisa. Iindawo zangaphambili zokuhlala kunye namangcwaba eemvumi zihlala zikhona ukuba abantu batyelele kuzo banike imbeko. Namhlanje, iVienna ineyona Opera kaRhulumente eyonwabisayo emhlabeni, iholo eyaziwayo yekonsathi kunye neokhestra ekumgangatho ophezulu. Ikhonsathi yonyaka omtsha ibanjelwa kwiHolo yeGolide yeVienna Abahlobo boMbutho woMculo nge-1 kaJanuwari minyaka le.

Ukongeza eNew York naseGeneva, iVienna sisixeko sesithathu seZizwe eziManyeneyo. IZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe lase-Austrian, elikwabizwa ngokuba "sisiXeko seZizwe eziManyeneyo", esakhiwa ngo-1979, linobungangamsha kwaye liziko lee-arhente zeZizwe eziManyeneyo.

ISalzburg: ISalzburg (iSalzburg) likomkhulu lephondo laseSalzburg emantla ntshona e-Austria, ngasemdeni woMlambo iSalzach, umlambo weDanube, kwaye zezothutho, ezamashishini kunye neziko labakhenkethi emantla e-Austria. Le yindawo yokuzalwa yomqambi omkhulu uMozart, owaziwa ngokuba "liZiko lobuGcisa boMculo". ISalzburg yasekwa njengesixeko ngo-1077, kwaye yasebenza njengeziko lokuhlala lika-Archbishop wamaKatolika ngenkulungwane ye-8 neye-18. I-Salzburg yahlukana nomthetho wenkolo ngo-1802. Ngo-1809, yabuyiselwa eBavaria ngokuhambelana neSivumelwano saseSchönbrunn, kwaye iCongress yaseVienna (1814-1815) yagqiba ekubeni ibuyiselwe e-Austria.

Ubugcisa bokwakha apha buyafaniswa neVenice yase-Itali kunye neFlorence, kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yi "Northern Rome". Isixeko simi kunxweme loMlambo iSalzach, simi phakathi kweentaba zeAlpine ezigqunywe likhephu. Isixeko singqongwe ziintaba eziphakamileyo, zizele ngumtsalane. IHolchen Salzburg (inkulungwane ye-11) kwithambeka elingasemazantsi elunxwemeni lomlambo, emva kweminyaka engama-900 yomoya nemvula, isamile kwaye ime nkqo. Yeyona nqaba igcinwe kakuhle kwaye inkulu kumaxesha aphakathi kuMbindi Yurophu. I-Benedictine Abbey yakhiwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-7 kwaye kudala yaba liziko lokushumayela lendawo. Icawa yaseFranciscan yakhiwa ngo-1223. Eyakhelwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, icawa enkulu eyayilinganisa iCawa eNgcwele yaseRoma yayisisakhiwo sokuqala sase-Italiya e-Austria. Indawo yokuhlala ka-Archbishopu yibhotwe le-Renaissance ukusuka nge-16 ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-18. IMirabell Palace yayiyibhotwe elakhelwe u-Archbishop waseSalzburg ngenkulungwane ye-17. Yandiswa ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwaye ngoku liziko labakhenkethi kubandakanya amabhotwe, iicawa, iigadi, kunye neemyuziyam. Emazantsi esixeko kukho igadi yasebukhosini eyakhiwe ngenkulungwane ye-17, eyaziwa ngokuba "ngumdlalo wamanzi". Ngaphantsi kweeves ecaleni komnyango wesakhiwo egadini, kukho imibhobho yamanzi ephantsi komhlaba macala omabini endlela athi atshize amaxesha ngamaxesha, amanzi atshizayo, ikhethini lemvula kunye nomqobo wenkungu. Ukungena kumqolomba ofakelwayo egadini, la manzi ayengxolayo enza izandi zeengoma ezingama-26, zenza ingoma emnandi yeentaka kuloo ntaba ingenanto. Kwinqanaba elilawulwa sisixhobo somatshini, ngokusebenza kwamanzi, i-156 villains zivelise imeko yobomi kwidolophu encinci apha ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-300 eyadlulayo. Ukungena eSalzburg, iMozart inokubonwa kuyo yonke indawo. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 27, 1756, umqambi omkhulu uMozart wazalwa kwindawo yesitalato i-9 eGrain Street. Ngo-1917, indlu kaMozart yajikwa yayimyuziyam.