Austria, dzina lonse la Republic of Austria, lomwe lili ndi ma 83,858 ma kilomita, ndi dziko lopanda malire lomwe lili kumwera kwa Central Europe. Imadutsa malire a Slovakia ndi Hungary kum'mawa, Slovenia ndi Italy kumwera, Switzerland ndi Liechtenstein kumadzulo, ndi Germany ndi Czech Republic kumpoto. Mapiri amawerengera 70% yamalo mdzikolo. Mapiri a Alps kum'maŵa amayenda kudera lonse kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa.Grossglockner Mountain ndi 3,797 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, phiri lalitali kwambiri mdzikolo. Kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi Vienna Basin, ndipo kumpoto ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kuli mapiri ndi mapiri. Mtsinje wa Danube umadutsa kumpoto chakum'mawa ndipo ndi wautali pafupifupi makilomita 350. Pali Nyanja ya Constance yomwe idagawidwa ndi Germany ndi Switzerland komanso Nyanja Neusiedl pamalire pakati pa Austria ndi Hungary. Ili ndi nkhalango yotentha yotambalala kuchokera kunyanja kupita ku kontrakitala, mvula yapachaka pafupifupi 700 mm.

Dzikoli lagawidwa zigawo 9, mizinda 15 yodziyimira pawokha, zigawo 84 ndi matauni 2,355 otsika kwambiri. Mayiko 9 ndi: Burgenland, Carinthia, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Vienna. Pali mizinda, zigawo ndi matauni (matauni) kumunsi kwa boma.

Mu 400 BC, Aselote adakhazikitsa ufumu wa Noricon pano. Unali wolamulidwa ndi Aroma mu 15 BC. Kumayambiriro kwa Middle Ages, a Goths, Bavarians, ndi Alemanni adakhazikika pano, ndikupangitsa kuti malowa akhale achi Germany komanso achikhristu. Mu 996 AD, "Austria" idatchulidwa koyamba m'mabuku azakale. Duchy idapangidwa panthawi yamabanja a Babenberg pakati pa zaka za 12th ndikukhala dziko lodziyimira pawokha. Unagonjetsedwa ndi Ufumu Woyera wa Roma mu 1276, ndipo mu 1278, mafumu a Habsburg adayamba ulamuliro wawo wazaka 640. Mu 1699, adapambana ufulu wolamulira Hungary. Mu 1804, Franz II adalandira udindo wa Emperor wa Austria, ndipo adakakamizidwa kusiya udindo wa Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire mu 1806. Mu 1815, pambuyo pa Msonkhano wa Vienna, Confederation yaku Germany motsogozedwa ndi Austria idakhazikitsidwa. Kusintha kupita kuulamuliro wachifumu kuyambira 1860 mpaka 1866. Mu 1866, adagonja mu Nkhondo ya Prussian-Austrian ndipo adakakamizidwa kuthetsa Confederation yaku Germany. Chaka chotsatira, mgwirizano udasainidwa ndi Hungary kuti akhazikitse Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary. Pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, asitikali aku Austria adagonjetsedwa ndipo ufumuwo udagwa. Austria yalengeza zakukhazikitsidwa kwa Republican Novembala 12, 1918. Idalumikizidwa ndi Nazi Germany mu Marichi 1938. Adalowa nawo nkhondo ngati gawo la Germany pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Asitikali a Allies atamasula Austria, Austria idakhazikitsa boma lanthawi yayitali pa Epulo 27, 1945. Mu Julayi chaka chomwecho, Germany itapereka dzikolo, Austria idalowanso m'manja mwa asitikali aku Soviet, America, Britain, ndi France, ndipo gawo lonseli lidagawika magawo anayi olanda. Mu Meyi 1955, mayiko anayi adasaina mgwirizano ndi Austria wonena kuti amalemekeza ufulu ndi kudziyimira pawokha ku Austria. Mu Okutobala 1955, magulu onse ankhondo adachoka. Pa Okutobala 26 chaka chomwecho, Nyumba Yamalamulo Ya ku Austria idakhazikitsa lamulo lokhazikika, likulengeza kuti silitenga nawo gawo mgulu lililonse lankhondo ndipo sililola kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu ankhondo akunja kudera lake.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi yaying'ono yamakona anayi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwake kwa 3: 2. Kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, imapangidwa ndikulumikiza ma rectangles atatu ofananira ofiira, oyera ndi ofiira.Chizindikiro cha dziko la Austria chili pakatikati pa mbendera. Chiyambi cha mbendera iyi chitha kupezeka mu ufumu wa Austro-Hungary. Akuti panthawi ya nkhondo yoopsa pakati pa Duke of Babenberg ndi King Richard I waku England, yunifolomu yoyera ya a Duke pafupifupi onse anali amabala ofiira ndi magazi, ndikusiya chizindikiro choyera pa lupanga. Kuyambira pamenepo, gulu lankhondo la a Duke latengera zofiira, zoyera komanso zofiira ngati mtundu wa mbendera yankhondo. Mu 1786, a King Joseph II adagwiritsa ntchito mbendera yofiira, yoyera, komanso yofiira ngati mbendera yankhondo, ndipo mu 1919 idasankhidwa mwalamulo ngati mbendera yaku Austria. Mabungwe aboma aku Austrian, nduna, mapurezidenti ndi ena oimira mabungwe ndi mabungwe aboma akunja onse amagwiritsa ntchito mbendera yadziko ndi chizindikiro cha dziko, ndipo nthawi zambiri sagwiritsa ntchito chizindikirocho.

Austria ili pakatikati pa Europe ndipo ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri ku Europe. Makampani opanga mafakitale ku Austria ndi migodi, chitsulo, kupanga makina, petrochemicals, magetsi, kukonza zitsulo, kupanga magalimoto, nsalu, zovala, mapepala, chakudya, ndi zina. Makampani opanga migodi ndi ochepa. Mu 2006, chuma chonse cha dziko la Austria chinali madola 309.346 biliyoni aku US, ndipo munthu aliyense anafikira madola 37,771 aku US. Makampani azitsulo amakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pachuma chadziko. Makampani opanga mankhwala ku Austria ali ndi zinthu zambiri zopangira, monga nkhuni, mafuta, gasi wachilengedwe ndi phula lamakala, zomwe zimapereka mwayi wabwino pakukula kwamakampani opanga mankhwala. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe amapanga ndi ma cellulose, feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi mankhwala a petrochemical. Makampani opanga makina makamaka amapanga makina athunthu amagetsi, monga magetsi opanga magetsi, ometa makala amitundu ingapo, makina omanga njanji, makina opangira nkhuni ndi zida zobowolera. Makampani opanga magalimoto ndi gawo lina lalikulu pamakampani opanga zida ku Austria. Makamaka amapanga magalimoto, magalimoto amsewu, mathirakitala, magalimoto onyamula zida zankhondo ndi zida zina zopumira. Austria ili ndi nkhalango zambiri komanso madzi. Nkhalango zimawerengera 42% yamalo mdziko muno, okhala ndi mahekitala 4 miliyoni a minda yamitengo komanso pafupifupi matabwa a 990 miliyoni. Ulimi umapangidwa ndipo kuchuluka kwa makina ndiokwera. Zoposa zokolola zokha zokhazokha. Ogwira ntchito m'makampani amawerengera pafupifupi 56% ya anthu onse ogwira ntchito. Ntchito zokopa alendo ndizofunikira kwambiri pantchito zamalonda. Malo omwe alendo amapitako ndi Tyrol, Salzburg, Carinthia ndi Vienna. Malonda akunja aku Austria ali ndi udindo wofunikira pachuma. Zinthu zazikulu zogulitsa kunja ndizitsulo, makina, mayendedwe, mankhwala ndi chakudya. Kutumiza kunja makamaka ndi mphamvu, zopangira ndi zinthu zogula. Ulimi umapangidwa.

Zikafika ku Austria, palibe amene amadziwa nyimbo ndi opera. Mbiri yaku Austria yatulutsa oimba ambiri odziwika padziko lonse: Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Johann Strauss, ndi Beethoven yemwe adabadwira ku Germany koma amakhala ku Austria kwanthawi yayitali. Zaka zopitilira zaka mazana awiri, akatswiri odziwa kuimbawa asiya chikhalidwe chambiri ku Austria ndikupanga miyambo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Phwando la Nyimbo ku Salzburg ku Austria ndi amodzi mwamaphwando akale kwambiri, apamwamba kwambiri komanso achikale padziko lonse lapansi. Msonkhano wapachaka wa Vienna wa Chaka Chatsopano ndiye konsati yomwe amamvera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Yomangidwa mu 1869, Royal Opera House (yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti Vienna State Opera) ndi imodzi mwanyumba zotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra imadziwika kuti ndi gulu loyimba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuphatikiza apo, Austria idatulukanso ndi anthu odziwika padziko lonse lapansi monga Freud wodziwika bwino, olemba mabuku otchuka a Zweig ndi Kafka.

Monga dziko lodziwika bwino ku Europe lokhala ndi miyambo, Austria idasungabe malo ambiri akale kuyambira Middle Ages. Vienna Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna State Opera, Vienna Concert Hall, ndi zina zambiri, ndi zokopa alendo padziko lonse lapansi .

Vienna: mzinda wodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse-likulu la Austria ku Vienna (Vienna) lili ku Vienna Basin kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Alps kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Austria. Vienna Woods. Anthu anali 1.563 miliyoni (2000). M'zaka za zana loyamba AD, Aroma adamanga nyumba yachifumu pano. Mu 1137, unali mzinda woyamba wa ukulu wa Austria. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 13, ndikukula kwa banja lachifumu la Habsburg ndikukula mwachangu, nyumba zokongola za Gothic zidayamba. Pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 15, unakhala likulu la Ufumu Woyera wa Roma komanso likulu lazachuma ku Europe. M'zaka za zana la 18, Maria-Tilesia anali wofunitsitsa kusintha pomwe mayi ndi mwana amalamulira, akuukira magulu ampingo, kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa anthu, komanso nthawi yomweyo kubweretsa chitukuko, ndikupangitsa Vienna pang'onopang'ono kukhala likulu la nyimbo zachikale ku Europe ndipo adadziwika kuti "Music City" .

Vienna amadziwika kuti "Mkazi wamkazi wa Danube". Chilengedwe ndi chokongola komanso malowo ndi okongola. Mukakwera mapiri a Alps kumadzulo kwa mzindawu, mutha kuwona "Vienna Forest"; kum'mawa kwa mzindawu, moyang'anizana ndi Danube Basin, mutha kuyang'anabe nsonga zonyezimira zobiriwira za Carpathians. Udzu waukulu wakumpoto uli ngati kachisi wamkulu wobiriwira, ndipo Danube wonyezimira akuyenda pakati pake. Nyumbazi zimamangidwa m'mphepete mwa phirili, ndipo nyumba zake zimakhala zolumikizana, mosiyanasiyana. Kuyang'ana patali, nyumba zamatchalitchi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimapanga utoto wakale komanso wowoneka bwino mumzindawu wokhala ndi mapiri obiriwira komanso madzi oyera. Misewu ya mzindawu imakhala yozungulira, 50 mita mulifupi, ndipo mzinda wamkati uli mkati mwa bwalo lozungulira lokhala ndi mitengo mbali zonse ziwiri. Misewu yokhotakhota yomwe ili mkatikati mwa mzindawu ndi yopyapyala, yopanda nyumba zazitali, makamaka nyumba za Baroque, Gothic ndi Romanesque.

Dzina la Vienna limalumikizidwa nthawi zonse ndi nyimbo. Akatswiri ambiri anyimbo, monga Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, John Strauss ndi Ana, Gryuk ndi Brahms, akhala zaka zambiri pantchito yoimba iyi. "Emperor Quartet" ya a Haydn, "Ukwati wa Figaro" wa Beethoven, "Symphony of Destiny" ya Beethoven, "Pastoral Symphony", "Moonlight Sonata", "Heroes Symphony", "Swan of the Swan" ya Schubert Nyimbo zotchuka monga "Nyimbo", "Ulendo Wozizira", John Strauss '"Blue Danube" ndi "The Story of the Vienna Woods" onse adabadwira kuno. Mapaki ndi mabwalo ambiri amakhala ndi ziboliboli zawo, ndipo misewu yambiri, maholo, ndi maholo amisonkhano amatchulidwa ndi oimba awa. Malo akale okhala ndi manda a oyimba nthawi zonse amakhala oti anthu aziyendera ndi kupereka ulemu. Masiku ano, Vienna ili ndi State Opera yapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, holo yodziwika bwino ya konsati komanso gulu loimba lapamwamba kwambiri. Konsati ya Chaka Chatsopano imachitikira ku Golden Hall ya Vienna Friends of Music Association pa Januware 1 chaka chilichonse.

Kuphatikiza pa New York ndi Geneva, Vienna ndi mzinda wachitatu wa United Nations. Austrian International Center, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "United Nations City", yomangidwa mu 1979, ndi malo abwino kwambiri omwe mabungwe ambiri a United Nations amakhala.

Salzburg: Salzburg (Salzburg) ndiye likulu la dziko la Salzburg kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Austria, kumalire ndi Mtsinje wa Salzach, womwe umadutsa pa Danube, ndipo ndi malo oyendera, mafakitale komanso malo oyendera alendo kumpoto kwa Austria. Awa ndi malo obadwira wolemba nyimbo wamkulu Mozart, wotchedwa "Music Art Center". Salzburg idakhazikitsidwa ngati mzinda mu 1077, ndipo idakhala malo okhalamo Bishopu Wamkulu wa Katolika mzaka za zana la 8 ndi 18. Salzburg idasiya lamulo lachipembedzo mu 1802. Mu 1809, idabwezeretsedwa ku Bavaria malinga ndi Pangano la Schönbrunn. Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) idaganiza zobweza ku Austria.

Zojambulajambula pano zikufanana ndi Venice ndi Florence aku Italy, ndipo amadziwika kuti "Northern Rome". Mzindawu uli m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Salzach, womwe uli pakati pa mapiri okwera ndi chipale chofewa cha Alpine. Mzindawu wazunguliridwa ndi mapiri obiriwira, odzaza ndi zokongola. Holchen Salzburg (m'zaka za zana la 11) kutsetsereka kwakumwera kwa gombe lamanja la mtsinjewu, patadutsa zaka 900 mphepo ndi mvula, idali yayitali komanso yowongoka. Ndilo nyumba yachifumu yosungidwa bwino kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri ku Central Europe. Benedictine Abbey idamangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri ndipo yakhala likulu la kulalikira kwakomweko. Mpingo wa Franciscan unamangidwa mu 1223. Yomangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17, tchalitchi chachikulu chomwe chimatsanzira Tchalitchi Chopatulika ku Roma chinali nyumba yoyamba ya ku Italy ku Austria. Residence ya Archbishop's ndi nyumba yachifumu ya Renaissance kuyambira zaka za 16 mpaka 18. Mirabell Palace poyambirira inali nyumba yachifumu yomangidwa kwa Bishopu Wamkulu wa Salzburg m'zaka za zana la 17. Inakulitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 18 ndipo tsopano ndi malo oyendera alendo kuphatikiza nyumba zachifumu, mipingo, minda, ndi malo owonetsera zakale. Kumwera kwa mzindawu kuli munda wamfumu womwe udamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 17th, wotchedwa "masewera amadzi". Pansi pa ma eves omwe ali pafupi ndi chitseko cha nyumbayo m'mundamo, pali mapaipi amadzi obisika mbali zonse ziwiri za mseu omwe amapopera nthawi ndi nthawi, kuwaza madzi, nsalu yotchinga mvula ndi chotchinga. Polowa m'phanga lodzikongoletsa m'mundamo, madzi othinyumirawo adamveka kulira kwa mbalame 26, ndikupanga nyimbo yosangalatsa ya mbalame paphiri lopanda kanthu. Pa siteji yoyendetsedwa ndi makina, kudzera m'madzi, anthu oyipa 156 adatulutsanso zochitika mutawuni yaying'ono kuno zaka zoposa 300 zapitazo. Kuyenda mu Salzburg, Mozart kumawoneka kulikonse. Pa Januwale 27, 1756, wolemba nyimbo wamkulu Mozart adabadwa ku 9 Grain Street mumzinda. Mu 1917 nyumba ya Mozart idasandutsidwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale.