I-Austria, igama eligcwele leRiphabhulikhi yase-Austria, enendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-83,858, yizwe elingavinjelwe eliseningizimu yeYurophu Ephakathi. Unqamula iSlovakia neHungary empumalanga, iSlovenia ne-Italy ngaseningizimu, eSwitzerland naseLiechtenstein entshonalanga, naseGermany naseCzech Republic ngasenyakatho. Izintaba zibala u-70% wendawo yezwe. Izintaba i-Alps empumalanga zinqamula yonke indawo zisuka entshonalanga ziye empumalanga Intaba iGrossglockner ingamamitha angu-3,797 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, isiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ezweni. Inyakatho-mpumalanga yiVienna Basin, kanti enyakatho naseningizimu-mpumalanga ngamagquma namathafa. UMfula iDanube ugeleza uye ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga futhi ungamakhilomitha angaba ngu-350 ubude. Kukhona iLake Constance eyabiwe neJalimane neSwitzerland kanye neLake Neusiedl emngceleni ophakathi kwe-Austria neHungary. Inesimo sezulu esipholile esinamaqabunga abanzi asuka olwandle siye ezwenikazi, esinemvula emaphakathi nonyaka engama-700 mm.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda eziyi-9, amadolobha ayi-15 anokuzimela, izifunda ezingama-84 namalokishi angu-2,355 asezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Izifundazwe eziyi-9 yilezi: IBurgenland, iCarinthia, i-Upper Austria, i-Lower Austria, iSalzburg, iSytria, iTyrol, iVorarlberg, iVienna. Kunamadolobha, izifunda, amadolobha (amalokishi) ngaphansi kombuso.

Ngo-400 BC, amaCelt asungula umbuso waseNoricon lapha. Kwakuhlala amaRoma ngonyaka we-15 BC. Ngasekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, amaGoth, amaBavaria, kanye nama-Alemanni ahlala lapha, enza lendawo yaba ngeyamaJalimane futhi yenziwa amaKristu. Ngo-996 AD, i- "Austria" yaqala ukubalulwa ezincwadini zomlando. Le duchy yakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa komndeni waseBabenberg maphakathi nekhulu le-12 futhi yaba izwe elizimele. Kwahlaselwa uMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma ngo-1276, kwathi ngo-1278, ubukhosi bakwaHabsburg baqala ukubusa iminyaka engu-640. Ngo-1699, wathola ilungelo lokubusa iHungary. Ngo-1804, uFranz II wamukela isiqu soMbusi wase-Austria, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe sokuba yi-Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ngo-1806. Ngo-1815, ngemuva kweNgqungquthela yaseVienna, kwasungulwa i-Confederation yaseJalimane eyayiholwa yi-Austria. Ukushintshela ebukhosini bomthethosisekelo kusuka ngo-1860 kuya ku-1866. Ngo-1866, wehlulwa empini yasePrussia nase-Austrian futhi waphoqeleka ukuba aqede i-Confederation yaseJalimane. Ngonyaka olandelayo, kwasayinwa isivumelwano neHungary ukusungula umbuso wobumbano wase-Austro-Hungary. EMpini Yezwe I, ibutho lase-Austrian lahlulwa futhi umbuso wawa. I-Austria yamemezela ukusungulwa kwe-republic ngoNovemba 12, 1918. Yatholwa yiJalimane lamaNazi ngoMashi 1938. Wajoyina impi njengengxenye yeJalimane eMpini Yezwe II. Ngemuva kokuthi amabutho Amanyene ekhulule i-Austria, i-Austria yasungula uhulumeni wesikhashana ngo-Ephreli 27, 1945. NgoJulayi wangonyaka ofanayo, ngemuva kokuzinikela kweJalimane, i-Austria yaphinde yathathwa ngamasosha aseSoviet, aseMelika, nawaseBrithani nawaseFrance, futhi le ndawo yonke yahlukaniswa yaba izingxenye ezine zokuhlala. NgoMeyi 1955, la mazwe amane asayina isivumelwano ne-Austria ememezela inhlonipho ngobukhosi base-Austria nokuzimela. Ngo-Okthoba 1955, wonke amabutho ayehlomile ahoxa. Ngo-Okthoba 26 wangonyaka ofanayo, iSigungu Sikazwelonke Sase-Austrian saphasisa umthetho onomphela, simemezela ukuthi ngeke sibambe iqhaza kunoma yimuphi umfelandawonye wezempi futhi ngeke sivumele ukusungulwa kwezisekelo zamasosha angaphandle endaweni yaso.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande elinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Kusuka phezulu kuye ezansi, kwakhiwa ngokuxhuma onxande abathathu abavundlile ababomvu, abamhlophe nabomvu. Isibonakaliso sikazwelonke sase-Austrian sisenkabeni yefulegi. Imvelaphi yaleli fulegi ingalandelwa emuva eMbusweni wase-Austro-Hungary.Kuthiwa ngesikhathi sempi eshubile phakathi kukaDuke waseBabenberg neNkosi uRichard I waseNgilandi, umfaniswano omhlophe kaDuke wawucishe wonke wagcwala igazi, kwasala uphawu olumhlophe kuphela enkembeni. Kusukela lapho, ibutho likaDuke selisebenzisa okubomvu, okumhlophe nokubomvu njengombala wefulegi lempi. Ngo-1786, iNkosi uJoseph II yasebenzisa ifulegi elibomvu, elimhlophe nelibomvu njengefulegi lezempi, kwathi ngo-1919 laqokwa ngokusemthethweni njengefulegi lase-Austria. Ama-ejensi kahulumeni wase-Austrian, ongqongqoshe, omongameli kanye nabanye abamele ngokusemthethweni kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni phesheya konke basebenzisa ifulegi likazwelonke elinophawu lukazwelonke, futhi imvamisa abadingi uphawu lwesizwe.

I-Austria isenkabeni ye-Europe futhi iyindawo ebalulekile yezokuthutha eYurophu. Imikhakha emikhulu yezimboni yase-Austria eyokumbiwa phansi, insimbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, ama-petrochemicals, ugesi, ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi, ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto, izindwangu, okokugqoka, iphepha, ukudla, njll. Ngo-2006, umkhiqizo omkhulukazi wase-Austria wawungamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-309.346 aseMelika, kanti umuntu ngamunye wafinyelela kumadola aseMelika angama-37,771. Imboni yensimbi inesikhundla esibalulekile emnothweni wezwe. Imboni yamakhemikhali yase-Austria icebile ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, ezinjengokhuni, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo netiyela lamalahle, okunikeza izimo ezinhle zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali. Imikhiqizo eyinhloko yamakhemikhali yi-cellulose, umanyolo we-nitrogen nemikhiqizo ye-petrochemical. Imboni yokukhiqiza imishini ikakhulu ikhiqiza amasethi aphelele emishini yezimboni, njengamajenereyitha kagesi kagesi, abagundi bamalahle abaningi, imishini yokwakhiwa komgwaqo wesitimela, imishini yokulungisa izinkuni nemishini yokubhola. Imboni yezimoto ingomunye umkhakha omkhulu wemboni yokukhiqiza imishini yase-Austrian. Ikhiqiza kakhulu amaloli, izimoto ezingekho mgwaleni, ogandaganda, ogandaganda, izimoto zokuhamba ezihlomile kanye nezingxenye zokungcebeleka. I-Austria icebile ngemithombo yehlathi nemithombo yamanzi. Amahlathi abalwa ngamaphesenti angama-42 omhlaba wezwe, anamahektha ayizigidi ezine amapulazi asehlathini kanye namapulangwe angaba yizigidi ezingama-990 ezigodo. Ezolimo ziyathuthukiswa futhi nezinga lokusebenzisa imishini liphezulu. Ngaphezu kokuzimela kwimikhiqizo yezolimo. Abasebenzi embonini yezinsizakalo babala cishe ama-56% abasebenzi bonke.Izokuvakasha imboni yezinsizakalo ebaluleke kakhulu.Izindawo ezihambela kakhulu izivakashi yiTyrol, Salzburg, Carinthia neVienna. Ukuhweba kwangaphandle kwe-Austria kunesikhundla esibalulekile emnothweni. Imikhiqizo eyinhloko yokuthekelisa yinsimbi, imishini, ezokuthutha, amakhemikhali kanye nokudla. Ukungeniswa ikakhulu kwamandla, izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nempahla yabathengi. Ezolimo ziyathuthukiswa.

Uma kukhulunywa nge-Austria, akekho owazi umculo wayo ne-opera. Umlando wase-Austrian usukhiqize abaculi abaningi abadume umhlaba wonke: uHaydn, uMozart, uSchubert, uJohn Strauss, noBeethoven, owazalelwa eJalimane kodwa wahlala isikhathi eside e-Austria. Esikhathini esingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, la makhosi omculo ashiye ifa elicebe kakhulu e-Austria futhi akha isiko elihlukile lesiko lesizwe. Umkhosi Wezomculo waseSalzburg e-Austria ungomunye wemikhosi yomculo wakudala, esezingeni eliphakeme futhi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ikhonsathi yonyaka omusha yaseVienna yikhonsathi elalelwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Eyakhelwe ngo-1869, iRoyal Opera House (manje eyaziwa ngokuthi iVienna State Opera) ingenye yezindlu ze-opera ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni, kanti iVienna Philharmonic Orchestra yaziwa njenge-orchestra yokuqala yomhlaba ka-symphony.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Austria iphinde yavela nabantu abadume umhlaba wonke njengososayensi wezengqondo odumile uFreud, ababhali bamanoveli abadumile uZweig noKafka.

Njengezwe elidumile laseYurophu elinamasiko amasiko, i-Austria igcine izindawo eziningi zomlando kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi. IVienna Schönbrunn Palace, iVienna State Opera, iVienna Concert Hall, njll., konke lokhu kungokuheha izivakashi emhlabeni wonke .

I-Vienna: idolobha elidume umhlaba wonke-inhlokodolobha yase-Austrian iVienna (Vienna) itholakala eVienna Basin engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Alps enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Austria. Izungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu, uMfula iDanube udlula edolobheni, futhi uzungezwe idume IVienna Woods. Inani labantu laliyizigidi eziyi-1.563 (2000). Ekhulwini lokuqala AD, amaRoma akha inqaba lapha. Ngo-1137, kwakuyidolobha lokuqala le-Principality of Austria. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, ngokukhula komndeni wasebukhosini waseHabsburg nentuthuko esheshayo, kwaqubuka izakhiwo ezinhle zamaGothic. Ngemuva kwekhulu le-15, yaba inhlokodolobha yoMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma kanye nesikhungo sezomnotho saseYurophu. Ngekhulu le-18, uMaria-Tilesia wayethanda izinguquko ngesikhathi sokubusa kukanina nendodana yakhe, ehlasela amabutho esonto, ekhuthaza inqubekela phambili kwezenhlalo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo eletha ukuchuma kwezobuciko, okwenza iVienna kancane kancane yaba isikhungo somculo wakudala waseYurophu futhi wazuza idumela le "Music City" .

IVienna yaziwa ngokuthi "Unkulunkulukazi WeDanube". Imvelo yinhle futhi ubuhle bendawo buhle. Khuphukela emagqumeni e-Alps entshonalanga yedolobha, ungabona i- "Vienna Forest" engasuswa; empumalanga yedolobha ibhekene neDanube Basin, futhi ungazibuka iziqongo ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo zezintaba zeCarpathia. Utshani obubanzi ngasenyakatho bufana ne-tapest enkulu eluhlaza, kanti iDanube ekhazimulayo igeleza ngayo. Izindlu zakhiwe ngasentabeni, zinezakhiwo eziningi ezixhumene, ezinamazinga ahlukile. Uma ubheka kude, izakhiwo zesonto zezitayela ezahlukahlukene zenza umbala wasendulo futhi onesizotha edolobheni onezintaba eziluhlaza namanzi acwebile. Imigwaqo yedolobha isesimeni esiyindilinga sosondonzima, amamitha angama-50 ububanzi, kanti idolobha elingaphakathi liphakathi kwendlela eyisiyingi egcwele izihlahla ezinhlangothini zombili. Imigwaqo eboshwe ngamatshe edolobheni elingaphakathi inama-criss-cross, anezakhiwo ezimbalwa eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zeBaroque, Gothic kanye neRomanesque.

Igama likaVienna lihlala lixhunyaniswa nomculo. Izingcweti eziningi zomculo, njengoHaydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, John Strauss noSons, Gryuk neBrahms, zichithe iminyaka eminingi kulo msebenzi womculo. I-"Emperor Quartet" kaHaydn, "Umshado kaFigaro", uBeethoven "Symphony of Destiny", "Pastoral Symphony", "Moonlight Sonata", "Heroes Symphony", "iSwan of the Swan" kaSchubert Umculo odumile njengo "Song", "Winter Journey", John Strauss '"Blue Danube" kanye "The Story of the Vienna Woods" wonke azalelwa lapha. Amapaki amaningi nezikwele zimile nezifanekiso zazo, kanti imigwaqo eminingi, amahholo amakhulu namahholo ezinkomfa aqanjwe ngalaba baculi. Izindawo zokuhlala zangaphambili kanye namathuna abaculi kuhlala kwenzelwa ukuthi abantu bavakashele futhi bahloniphe. Namuhla, iVienna ineState Opera kanokusho emhlabeni, ihholo lekhonsathi elaziwayo kanye ne-orchestra esezingeni eliphezulu. Ikhonsathi kaNcibijane ibanjelwa eGolden Hall yaseVienna Friends of Music Association ngoJanuwari 1 minyaka yonke. Ngaphezu kweNew York naseGeneva, iVienna yidolobha lesithathu leZizwe Ezihlangene. I-Austrian International Center, eyaziwa nangokuthi "Idolobha Lezinhlangano Ezihlangene", eyakhiwa ngo-1979, inkulu futhi iyisikhungo sezinhlangano eziningi zeZizwe Ezihlangene.

ISalzburg: ISalzburg (iSalzburg) iyinhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe saseSalzburg enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Austria, emngceleni woMfula iSalzach, umfudlana iDanube, futhi iyisikhungo sezokuthutha, sezimboni nezokuvakasha esisenyakatho ne-Austria. Le yindawo yokuzalwa yomqambi omkhulu uMozart, owaziwa nge- "Music Art Center". ISalzburg yasungulwa njengedolobha ngonyaka we-1077, futhi yasebenza njengesikhungo sokuhlala nomsebenzi kaMbhishobhi Omkhulu WamaKatolika ngekhulu lesi-8 nele-18. ISalzburg yeqa umthetho wezenkolo ngo-1802. Ngo-1809, yabuyiselwa eBavaria ngokuvumelana neSivumelwano SaseSchönbrunn, kanti iCongress of Vienna (1814-1815) yanquma ukuyibuyisela e-Austria.

Ubuciko bokwakha lapha buqhathaniswa neVenice neFlorence yase-Italy, futhi baziwa njenge "Northern Rome". Leli dolobha lisogwini loMfula iSalzach, obekwe phakathi kweziqongo ze-Alpine ezisibekele iqhwa. Idolobha lizungezwe izintaba ezicijile, zigcwele ubuhle. IHolchen Salzburg (ngekhulu le-11) emthambekeni oseningizimu osebeni olungakwesokudla lomfula, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-900 yomoya nemvula, isamile futhi imile.Yisigodlo esigcinwe kahle kunazo zonke futhi esikhulu kunazo zonke eMiddle Europe. IBenedictine Abbey yakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-7 futhi sekuyisikhathi eside iyisikhungo sokushunyayelwa kwendawo. Isonto laseFranciscan lakhiwa ngo-1223. Lakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, isonto lombhishobhi elingisa iSonto Elingcwele eRoma laliyisakhiwo sokuqala sase-Italy e-Austria. I-Archbishop's Residence iyisigodlo sobuKrestu kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-18. IMirabell Palace ekuqaleni yayiyisigodlo esakhelwe uMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseSalzburg ngekhulu le-17. Sandiswa ngekhulu le-18 futhi manje siyisikhungo sabavakashi okubandakanya izigodlo, amasonto, izingadi neminyuziyamu. Ngaseningizimu yedolobha ingadi yasebukhosini eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-17, eyaziwa ngokuthi "umdlalo wamanzi". Ngaphansi kwama-eaves aseduze komnyango webhilidi engadini, kunamapayipi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezinhlangothini zombili zomgwaqo afafaza ngezikhathi ezithile, achaphaza amanzi, ikhethini lemvula nesithiyo senkungu. Lapho singena emhumeni oyinqwaba wensimu, la manzi agudlukayo enza imisindo yezinyoni ezingama-26, enza ingoma emnandi yezinyoni kule ntaba engenalutho. Esiteji esilawulwa ngumshini, ngokusebenzisa amanzi, izigelekeqe eziyi-156 zakhiqiza indawo yempilo edolobheni elincane lapha eminyakeni engaphezu kwengama-300 eyedlule. Ukungena eSalzburg, iMozart ingabonakala yonke indawo. NgoJanuwari 27, 1756, umqambi omkhulu womculo uMozart wazalelwa ku-9 Grain Street edolobheni. Ngo-1917 indlu kaMozart yaphenduka yaba umnyuziyamu.