INigeria ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwezi-920,000. Itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNtshonalanga Afrika, enqamula iGulf of Guinea oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic ngaseningizimu, inqamula iBenin entshonalanga, iNiger isenyakatho, iChad isenyakatho-mpumalanga yeLake Chad, neCameroon isempumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga. Ugu lungamakhilomitha angama-800 ubude kanti indawo ephakeme enyakatho naphansi eningizimu: amagquma aphansi eningizimu, iNiger-Benue Valley phakathi, iHausalan Heights enyakatho ngaphezu kwe-1/4 yendawo yezwe, izintaba empumalanga, neSoko enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga. I-Tor Basin neLake Chad Lake West Basin. Kunemifula eminingi, uMfula iNiger noMfula iBenue ogelezayo yimifula emikhulu.

Ukubuka konke

INigeria, igama eligcwele leFederal Republic of Nigeria, lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-920,000. INepal itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNtshonalanga Afrika, eningizimu ye-Atlantic Ocean naseGulf of Guinea. Unqamula iBenin entshonalanga, iNiger isenyakatho, iChad iye enyakatho-mpumalanga inqamula iLake Chad, neCameroon iye empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga. Ugu lungamakhilomitha angama-800 ubude. Indawo iphakeme enyakatho futhi iphansi eningizimu. Ugu luyithafa elibunjwe ngebhande elinobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angaba ngu-80; iningizimu ngamagquma aphansi futhi iningi lendawo lingamamitha angama-200-500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle; maphakathi yiNiger-Benue Valley; iziNtaba zaseHausalan ezisenyakatho zidlula indawo yezwe ngekota, enokuphakama okumaphakathi Amamitha ayi-900; umngcele osempumalanga unentaba, enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yiSokoto Basin neLake Chad West Basin ngokulandelana. Kunemifula eminingi.UMfula iNiger noMfula iBenue ongumfula wayo yimifula emikhulu.UMfula iNiger ungamakhilomitha ayi-1 400 kuleyo nsimu. Inesimo sezulu sezulu esishisayo esinamazinga okushisa aphezulu nemvula. Unyaka wonke uhlukaniswe waba inkathi eyomile nenkathi yemvula.

I-Federalism iyasetshenziswa. Kunamazinga amathathu kahulumeni: ombuso, owasekhaya nowasendaweni. Ngo-Okthoba 1996, isifunda sokuphatha sahlukaniswa kabusha, izwe lahlukaniswa laba yi-1 Federal Capital Region, izifundazwe ezingama-36, kanye nohulumeni basekhaya abangama-774.

INigeria yimpucuko yasendulo yase-Afrika. Yayinamasiko athuthukile uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili eyedlule. Amasiko adumile eNok, Ife naseBenin enza iNigeria ukuthi ithokozele isithunzi se- "Cradle of Culture" yase-Afrika. Ngekhulu lesi-8 AD, abahamba phambili baseZaghawa basungula umbuso waseKanem-Bornu ozungeze iLake Chad. Kusukela ngekhulu le-14 kuya kwele-16 leminyaka, uMbuso WaseShaihai wachuma. IPortugal yahlasela ngo-1472. AbaseBrithani bahlasela maphakathi nekhulu le-16. Kwaba ikoloni laseBrithani ngo-1914 kwathiwa libizwa nge "Nigeria Colony and Protectorate". Ngo-1947, iBrithani yamukela umthethosisekelo omusha waseNigeria futhi yasungula uhulumeni wesifundazwe. Ngo-1954, i-Federation of Nigeria yathola ukuzimela kwangaphakathi. Imemezele inkululeko ngo-Okthoba 1, 1960 futhi yaba yilungu leCommonwealth. IFederal Republic yaseNigeria yasungulwa ngo-Okthoba 1, 1963.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Ngunxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi buka-2: 1. Ingaphezulu lefulegi lakhiwe ngonxande abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo abahlaza okotshani nhlangothi zombili nomhlophe maphakathi. Okuhlaza kukhombisa ezolimo, kanti okumhlophe kufanekisela ukuthula nobunye.

INigeria yizwe elinabantu abaningi kakhulu e-Afrika, elinabantu abayizigidi eziyi-140 (2006). Kunezinhlanga ezingaphezu kwama-250 ezweni, phakathi kwazo izinhlanga eziyinhloko amaHausa-Fulani asenyakatho, amaYoruba eningizimu-ntshonalanga nama-Igbo asempumalanga. Izilimi eziyinhloko zezwe laseNepal isiHausa, isiYoruba nesi-Igbo, futhi isiNgisi ulimi olusemthethweni. Phakathi kwabahlali, ama-50% akholelwa enkolweni yamaSulumane, ama-40% kubuKrestu, kuthi amanye abe yi-10%.

INigeria yiyona ehamba phambili ekukhiqizeni uwoyela e-Afrika futhi ikhiqiza uwoyela weshumi ngobukhulu emhlabeni.Iphinde ibe yilungu leNhlangano Yamazwe Athekelisa Amazwe Aphansi (OPEC). Izinqolobane zikawoyela eziqinisekisiwe ziyimiphongolo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-35.2 kanye nokukhishwa kwansuku zonke kwemiphongolo eyizigidi ezingama-2,5 kawoyela ongahluziwe. INigeria kwakuyizwe lezolimo ezinsukwini zokuqala zenkululeko.Kuma-1970s, imboni kaphethiloli yakhuphuka futhi yaba imboni yezinsika yomnotho wayo wezwe. Njengamanje, inani elikhiphayo lemboni kaphethiloli lifinyelela kuma-20% kuya kuma-30% womkhiqizo ophelele wasekhaya waseNigeria.I-95% yemali engenayo yokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe eNigeria kanye no-80% wemali yezimali kahulumeni wesifundazwe itholakala embonini kaphethiloli. Eminyakeni yamuva, umthamo wonyaka wokuthunyelwa kukawoyela waseNigeria weqe izigidigidi eziyi-10 zamadola aseMelika. INigeria nayo icebile ngemithombo yegesi yemvelo kanye namalahle. Izinqolobane zegesi yemvelo ezifakazelwe zaseNigeria zifinyelela kuma-cubic metres ayi-5 trillion, okungenye yezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. INigeria inezinqolobane zamalahle ezingaba ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2.75 futhi iyona kuphela izwe elikhiqiza amalahle eNtshonalanga Afrika.

Izimboni ezinkulu zokukhiqiza eNigeria yizindwangu, ukuhlanganiswa kwezimoto, ukucutshungulwa kwezinkuni, usimende, isiphuzo nokulungiswa kokudla, ikakhulu kugxile eLagos nezindawo ezizungezile. Ingqalasizinda ayilungiswa isikhathi eside, izinga lobuchwepheshe liphansi, futhi imikhiqizo eminingi yezimboni isathembele ekungenisweni kwamanye amazwe. Ezolimo zibalwa ngama-40% we-GDP. Ama-70% wabasebenzi ezweni basebenza kwezolimo. Izindawo eziphambili zokukhiqiza ezolimo zigxile esifundeni esisenyakatho. Indlela yokukhiqiza ezolimo isencike emnothweni wabalimi abadobela ukuziphilisa.Izinhlamvu azikwazi ukuzimela, kanti inani elikhulu lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe lisadingeka minyaka yonke.

Amadolobha amakhulu

I-Abuja: Inhlokodolobha yaseNigeria, i-Abuja (Abuja) itholakala esifundazweni saseNiger Insimu yindawo lapho kuhlala khona izizwe ezincane zabantu bakwaGwari.kuyimpambana mgwaqo yezwe laseNiger, Kaduna, Plateau kanye neKvara.Iqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-500 ukusuka eLagos futhi iyisikhungo sezwe. Itholakala onqenqemeni oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCentral Plateau, indawo enamagquma asezindaweni ezishisayo, enabantu abambalwa, umoya ohlanzekile nezindawo ezinhle.

Ngo-1975, uhulumeni wamasosha kaMuhammad wabeka isiphakamiso sokwakha inhlokodolobha entsha. Ngo-Okthoba 1979, iSakari Civil Government yamukela ngokusemthethweni uhlelo lwenhlokodolobha entsha, i-Abuja, futhi yaqala isigaba sokuqala sokwakha. Kuthunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukusuka eLagos ngoDisemba 1991. Inani labantu cishe liyi-400,000 (2001).

ILagos: ILagos (lagos) iyinhloko-dolobha yakudala yeFederal Republic yaseNigeria. Idolobha eliyitheku ikakhulukazi eleziqhingi futhi lakhiwa ngumlomo woMfula i-Ogun. Iqukethe iLagos Island, i-Ikoyi Island, iVictoria Island kanye nezwekazi.Ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-43. Inani labantu edolobheni elikhulu liyizigidi ezine, lapho abantu basemadolobheni bengu-1.44 million.

Izakhamizi zokuqala ezafika eLagos kwakungamaYoruba avela eNigeria, futhi kamuva athutha amanye amaBenin. Ngemuva kokufika lapha, bahlela amashedi alula futhi bahlanganyela ekulimeni nasekutshaleni.Ngakho-ke, igama lokuqala leLagos kwakungu "Eco" noma "Youco", okusho ukuthi "ishede lekamu". Kusho ukuthi "ipulazi". Lapho imikhumbi yabathengisi abangamaPutukezi ihambela eningizimu iya eLagos ngasogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Afrika ngekhulu le-15, kwase kunamadolobha amancane esiqhingini. Bayivula njengetheku futhi bayibiza ngokuthi "Lago de Gulamo"; kamuva, bayibiza ngokuthi "iLagos". NgesiPutukezi, "iLagos" kusho "ichibi lamanzi anosawoti".

ILagos akuyona inhloko-dolobha yeNigeria kuphela, kodwa futhi iyisikhungo sezimboni nezentengiselwano esikhulu kunazo zonke kuleli. Izimboni eziningi ezincane, eziphakathi nendawo nezinkulu zigxilwe lapha, kufaka phakathi izigayo ezinkulu zikawoyela, izitshalo zokucubungula ukhokho, izindwangu, izimpahla zamakhemikhali, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukulungisa izimoto, amathuluzi wensimbi, ukwenza iphepha, ukusika izinkuni nezinye izimboni. Indawo enkulu yezentengiselwano iseLagos Island, lapho kunezimboni zezokuvakasha, zomshuwalense nezokushicilela. ILagos nayo iyindawo egxile kakhulu emasikweni nasemfundweni kazwelonke.Kukhona iLagos University, imitapo yolwazi, iminyuziyamu nezinye izikhungo zamasiko.