Poland, izere zita reRepublic yePoland, inovhara nzvimbo inopfuura 310,000 mativi emakiromita. Iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCentral Europe, yakatarisana neGungwa reBaltic kuchamhembe, Germany kumadokero, Czechia neSlovakia kumaodzanyemba, neBelarus neUkraine kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Mahombekombe akareba makiromita 528. Iyo nzvimbo yakaderera kuchamhembe uye yakakwira kumaodzanyemba, ine concave yepakati chikamu. Mapani ari pasi pemamita mazana maviri pamusoro pegungwa anoverengera nezve 72% yenharaunda yenyika. Makomo makuru ndiwo maCarpathian Makomo uye maSudeten Makomo. Nzizi hombe iVistula (makiromita 1047 kureba) neOder (makiromita 742 kureba muPoland). Dziva hombe ndiro Lake Hinaardvi, rakafukidza nzvimbo inokwana 109.7 mativi emakiromita. Iyo nharaunda yese ndeyenzvimbo yakadzikama yakafararira-isina mashizha masango ekunze achichinja kubva kugungwa kuenda kune kondinendi yemamiriro ekunze.

Muna Chikunguru 1998, iyo House of Representatives yePoland yakapa chisungo chakachinja matunhu makumi mana nemapfumbamwe munyika yese kuita matunhu gumi nematanhatu, uye panguva imwechete kumisazve hurongwa hwematunhu, kubva kumatunhu aripo nemataundishipi kusvika kumatunhu, matunhu, Iri taundi-nhanhatu rine matunhu gumi nematanhatu, makumi matatu nemakumi matatu ematunhu, uye mazana maviri nematanhatu emataundi.

Nyika yePoland yakabva mumubatanidzwa wemadzinza ePoland, Wisla, Silesia, Eastern Pomerania, neMazovia pakati pevaWest Slavs.Madzimambo eumambo akagadzwa muzana ramakore re9 nerechigumi, 14 ne15. Zana rezana rakapinda panguva yaro uye rakatanga kudzikira muhafu yepiri yezana ramakore gumi nemasere. Yakakamurwa katatu neTsarist Russia, Prussia neAustro-Hungary. Muzana ramakore rechi19, vanhu vePoland vakabata kumukira kwakati wandei kurwira rusununguko. Kuzvimiririra kwakadzoreredzwa munaNovember 11, 1918 uye bourgeois republic yakavambwa. MunaSeptember 1939, chiFascist Germany chakapinda muPoland, uye Hondo Yenyika II yakatanga.Mauto eGerman echiNazi akapamba Poland yese. Muna Chikunguru 1944, Mauto eSoviet nePolish Army vakaumbwa muSoviet Union vakapinda muPoland.Pana 22nd, Polish National Liberation Committee yakazivisa nezvekuzvarwa kwenyika nyowani yePoland. Muna Kubvumbi 1989, Paramende yePoland yakapa bumbiro remutemo richisimbisa kubvumidzwa kweSolidarity Trade Union ikasarudza kuita hurongwa hwehutungamiriri wenyika neparamende kuzvitonga kuzere. People's Republic of Poland yakapihwa zita rekuti Republic of Poland muna Zvita 29, 1989.

Mureza wenyika: Iyo yakatenderera yakatenderera ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hweinenge 8: 5. Mureza pamusoro unoumbwa nemaviri akaenzana uye akaenzana akatwasuka matenderedzwa padivi chena uye parutivi rutsvuku. White haingoratidzi chete gondo jena mungano dzekare, asi zvakare inoratidzira kuchena, kuratidza chishuwo chevanhu vePoland rusununguko, runyararo, democracy, uye mufaro; tsvuku inomiririra ropa uye kukunda muhondo yechimurenga.

Poland ine huwandu hwemamiriyoni makumi matatu neshanu nemanomwe nemashanu (Zvita 2005). Pakati pavo, nyika yePoland yaiita 98%, kuwedzera kuUkraine, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Russian, Germany uye maJuda mashoma. Mutauro wepamutemo chiPolish. Vanenge makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana (90%) vevagari vemunyika vanotenda muna Mwari weRoma.

Poland yakafuma mune zviwanikwa zvemaminerari, izvo zvicherwa zvikuru marasha, sarufa, mhangura, zinc, lead, aluminium, sirivheri zvichingodaro. Matura emarasha akaoma mugore ra2000 aive emabhiriyoni 45.362 ematani, lignite 13.984 matani emabhiriyoni, sarufa makumi mashanu ematani ematani, uye mhangura matani 2.485 emabhiriyoni. Amber yakafuma mumatura, yakakosheswa pamabhiriyoni zana emadhora ekuAmerica.Iyo inogadzira amber pasi rose uye ine nhoroondo yemigodhi yegoridhe kwemazana emakore. Iyo indasitiri inotongwa nekucherwa kwemarasha, kuvaka muchina, kuvaka ngarava, mota nesimbi. Muna 2001, maive nemahekita mamirioni 18.39 enzvimbo yekurima. Muna 2001, vagari vekumaruwa vaiita 38.3% yevagari vemunyika. Huwandu hwemabasa ekurima anoverengera 28.3% yeiyo yakazara basa. Poland ndiyo imwe yenyika gumi dzevashanyi munyika. Chiteshi cheBaltic chine mamiriro ekunze anofadza, makomo akanaka eCarpathia, uye mugodhi une munyu weWieliczka unokwezva vashanyi vasingaverengeke gore rega rega. Vanhu pano vanonzwisisa kuti masango ndiwo protagonist ekudzivirira nharaunda, saka vanoda masango sehupenyu. Poland ine sango nzvimbo inopfuura 8.89 mamirioni mahekita, ine sango rekufukidza chiyero chinosvika makumi matatu muzana. Vanhu vatsva kuPoland vanowanzodhakwa nenyika iyi yenhetembo uye yakasvibirira. Tourism yave ndiyo hombe sosi yePoland yekunze mari yekutsinhana.

Warsaw: Guta guru rePoland, Warsaw (Warsaw) iri mumatunhu epakati ePoland.Rwizi rweVistula runopfuura nemuguta kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kuchamhembe. Ine nzvimbo ine nzvimbo dzakadzika, mamiriro ekunze akapfava, kunaya kuri pakati nepakati, uye paavhareji kunaya kwegore negore kwemamirimita 500. Inyika yehove nemupunga muPoland. Huwandu hwevanhu hwasvika 1.7 mamirioni (Zvita 2005) uye nzvimbo iyi makiromita mazana masere nemazana mana neshanu. Guta rekare reWarsaw rakatanga kuvakwa muzana ramakore regumi nematatu seguta repakati nepakati parwizi rweVistula. Muna 1596, Mambo Zygmunt Vasa III wePoland akatamisa mambo nehurumende yepakati kubva Krakow kuenda kuWarsaw, uye Warsaw ikava guta guru. Yakakuvara zvakaipisisa panguva yehondo yeSweden kubva muna 1655 kusvika 1657, uye yakapindwazve ikakamurwa nenyika dzine simba.Poland payakadzorerwa muna 1918, yakave zvakare yakanzi guta guru. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, iro guta rakakuvara zvakanyanya uye 85% yezvivakwa zvakaparadzwa nebhomba.

Warsaw inzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi, uye zvetsika zvePoland.Maindasitiri ayo anosanganisira simbi, michina inogadzira (chaiyo michina, lathes, nezvimwewo), mota, mota, mishonga, makemikari, machira, nezvimwewo, zvine zvemagetsi, zvemagetsi, Chikafu-chakavakirwa. Iyo indasitiri yekushanya inovandudzwa, iine 172 zvinokwezva vashanyi uye gumi nembiri nzira dzekushanyira. Kune makoreji gumi nemana nemayunivhesiti muguta.Yunivhesiti yeWarsaw yakavambwa muzana ramakore rechi19 inozivikanwa nekuunganidza kwayo kwakapfuma kwemabhuku.Kune zvakare gadheni rebhotani nenzvimbo yemamiriro ekunze pane iyo kambasi. Uye zvakare, kune Polish Academy yeSainzi, Opera House, Konisheni Horo uye iyo "10th Anniversary Stadium" iyo inogona kugara vangangoita zviuru zana zvevatariri munzvimbo yemudhorobha.

Mushure mekusunungurwa kwePoland mu1945, hurumende yakavaka zvakare guta rekare sezvayakanga iri muWarsaw, ichichengetedza maitiro ayo epakati nepakati uye chitarisiko, uye ichiwedzera nzvimbo nyowani yemadhorobha. Bhangi rekumadokero kweVistula ndiro guta rekare, rakakomberedzwa nemadziro matsvuku ezvidhinha ezana ramakore regumi nematatu nemasvingo ekunze ezana ramakore regumi nemana, akakomberedzwa nedzimba dzekare. Pano panoungana zvivakwa zvinoyevedza uye zvine hunyanzvi zvemweya mutsvuku muMiddle Ages, imba yekare inozivikanwa se "Polish National Cultural Monument" - yaimbova imba yamambo, uye zvivakwa zvekare zvakawanda kubva kuMiddle Ages neRenaissance. Krasinski Palace ndiyo chivakwa chakanakisa cheBaroque muWarsaw.Lazienki Palace chinhu chakatanhamara chePolish classicism.Pane zvakare zvivakwa zvakaita seChechi yeRinoyera Muchinjikwa, Chechi yeSt. Iyo Holy Cross Church ndiyo nzvimbo yekuzorora yemunyori mukuru wePoland Chopin. Kune zviyeuchidzo zvakakwirira, zvifananidzo kana kukanda kwese pamusoro peguta. Icho chifananidzo chendarira cheye mermaid paRwizi Vistula hachisi chiratidzo cheWarsaw chete, asi zvakare chiratidzo chehushingi uye kusasiya kwevanhu vePoland. Chiumbwa chendarira cheChopin muLazienki Park chakamira padivi pechitubu chikuru. Mifananidzo yaKirinsky, mutungamiri weMhirizhonga yaApril muWarsaw, uye zvifananidzo zvaPrince Poniadowski, vaive vakashinga uye vanegamba. Iwo mahofisi makuru eWarsaw People's August Uprising, anomiririra echimurenga tsika, nenzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwekusikwa kwaDzerzhinsky kweRepublic yePoland, zvakare iri muguta rekare. Imba yenyanzvi inozivikanwa pasi rese yefizikisi uye akafukunura radium, kwaakaberekerwa Madame Curie, uye kwaimbogara Chopin kwashandurwa kuita mamuseum.