IPoland, igama eligcwele leRiphabhlikhi yasePoland, ihlanganisa indawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele angama-310,000. Itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga Ephakathi Yurophu, enqunywe uLwandle iBaltic ngasenyakatho, iJalimane entshonalanga, iCzechia neSlovakia ngaseningizimu, neBelarus ne-Ukraine enyakatho-mpumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga. Ugu lolwandle lunamakhilomitha angama-528 ubude. Indawo iphansi enyakatho futhi iphezulu eningizimu, inengxenye emaphakathi ye-concave. Amathafa angaphansi kwamamitha angama-200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle enza cishe i-72% yendawo yezwe. Izintaba eziyinhloko yizintaba zeCarpathia nezintaba zaseSudeten. Imifula emikhulu yiVistula (amakhilomitha angama-1047 ubude) ne-Oder (amakhilomitha angama-742 ubude ePoland). Ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke yiLake Hinaardvi, elihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-109.7. Yonke insimu ingeyesimo sezulu esishisayo esinamaqabunga abanzi asuka olwandle aye ezwenikazi lasezwenikazi.

NgoJulayi 1998, iNdlu Yabamele yasePoland yadlulisa isinqumo esashintsha izifundazwe ezingama-49 ezweni lonke zaba izifundazwe eziyi-16, futhi ngasikhathi sinye sakha kabusha uhlelo lwezifunda kusuka ezifundazweni zamanje nasemalokishini kuya ezifundazweni, izifunda, Leli lokishi elinamazinga amathathu linezifundazwe eziyi-16, izifunda ezingama-308 namalokishi angama-2489.

Izwe lasePoland laqhamuka ebudlelwaneni bezizwe zasePoland, iWisla, iSilesia, i-Eastern Pomerania, neMazovia phakathi kwamaSlav aseNtshonalanga. Ikhulu leminyaka langena ezicongweni zalo, futhi ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-18 yaqala ukwehla. Yahlukaniswa yiTsarist Russia, Prussia, ne-Austro-Hungary amahlandla amathathu. Ngekhulu le-19, abantu basePoland babamba imibhikisho eminingana behlomile bezimela. Ukuzimela kwabuyiselwa ngoNovemba 11, 1918, futhi kwasungulwa i-republic republic. Ngo-September 1939, iJalimane lobuFascist lahlasela iPoland, kwagqashuka iMpi Yezwe II, amasosha amaJalimane amaNazi alithatha lonke elasePoland. NgoJulayi 1944, iSoviet Army kanye nePoland Army abumba eSoviet Union bangena ePoland.Ngomhla wama-22, iKomiti Kazwelonke Yenkululeko YasePoland yamemezela ukuzalwa kwezwe elisha lasePoland. Ngo-Ephreli 1989, iPhalamende lasePoland laphasisa isichibiyelo somthethosisekelo esiqinisekisa ukuthi iSolidarity Trade Union isemthethweni futhi yanquma ukusebenzisa uhlelo lobumongameli nentando yeningi yasephalamende. IPeople’s Republic of Poland yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi yiRepublic of Poland ngoDisemba 29, 1989.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Ngunxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obucishe bube ngu-8: 5. Ingaphezulu lefulegi lakhiwe ngonxande ababili abafanayo futhi abalinganayo abavundlile kokungaphezulu okumhlophe nokubomvu okuphansi. UMhlophe akagcini ngokufanekisela ukhozi olumhlophe ezinganekwaneni zasendulo, kodwa futhi ukhombisa ubumsulwa, ezwakalisa isifiso sabantu basePoland senkululeko, ukuthula, intando yeningi, nenjabulo; okubomvu kufanekisela igazi nokunqoba emzabalazweni wenguquko.

IPoland inabantu abayizigidi ezingama-38.157 (Disemba 2005). Phakathi kwabo, ubuzwe basePoland babunamaphesenti angama-98, ngaphezu kwama-Ukraine, amaBelarusian, amaLithuania, amaRussia, amaJalimane namaJuda amancane. Ulimi olusemthethweni isiPolish. Cishe ama-90% wezakhamizi zezwe akholelwa kuNkulunkulu wamaRoma.

IPoland icebile ngezinsizakusebenza zamaminerali, amaminerali amakhulu amalahle, isulfure, ithusi, i-zinc, i-lead, i-aluminium, isiliva njalonjalo. Izinqolobane zamalahle aqinile ngo-2000 zazingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-45.362, amathani ayizigidi ezingama-13.984, isibabule amathani ayizigidi ezingama-504, nethusi amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2.485. I-Amber icebile ezinqolobaneni, ebiza cishe ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu e-U.S. Ngumkhiqizi we-amber omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni futhi inomlando wamaminerali wezimayini amakhulu eminyaka. Le mboni iphethwe yimayini yamalahle, ukwakhiwa kwemishini, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, izimoto nensimbi. Ngo-2001, kwakukhona amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-18.39 zomhlaba wezolimo. Ngo-2001, abantu basemakhaya babalelwa ku-38.3% wabantu besizwe. Isibalo semisebenzi yokuqashwa kwezolimo singama-28.3% womsebenzi ophelele. IPoland ingelinye lamazwe ayishumi aphezulu ezivakashi emhlabeni. Itheku laseBaltic elinesimo sezulu esithandekayo, Izintaba ezinhle zeCarpathia, nemayini kasawoti ehlakaniphile eheha izivakashi eziningi minyaka yonke. Abantu lapha bayaqonda ukuthi amahlathi yiwona aphambili ekuvikeleni imvelo, ngakho-ke bathanda amahlathi njengokuphila. IPoland inendawo eyihlathi engaphezu kwamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-8.89, enezinga lokumbozwa kwehlathi cishe elingu-30%. Abantu abasha ePoland bavame ukudakwa yilo mhlaba wezinkondlo nohlaza. Ezokuvakasha seziwumthombo oyinhloko wemali engenayo yasePoland.

IWarsaw: Inhlokodolobha yasePoland, iWarsaw (iWarsaw) itholakala emathafeni asenkabeni yePoland.Umfula iVistula ugudla edolobheni usuka eningizimu uye enyakatho. Inezindawo eziphansi, isimo sezulu esiphansi, imvula elinganiselayo, kanye nemvula emaphakathi ngonyaka engama-mm 500. Iyizwe lezinhlanzi nelayisi ePoland. Inani labantu liyi-1.7 million (Disemba 2005) kanti indawo ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-485.3. Idolobha lasendulo iWarsaw lakhiwa okokuqala ngekhulu le-13 njengedolobha lasendulo eMfuleni iVistula. Ngo-1596, iNkosi uZygmunt Vasa III wasePoland wasusa umbusi kanye nohulumeni omkhulu eKrakow baya eWarsaw, kwathi iWarsaw yaba inhlokodolobha. Yalimala kabi ngesikhathi sempi yaseSweden kusuka ngo-1655 kuya ku-1657, futhi yahlaselwa kaninginingi yahlukaniswa amazwe anamandla.Ngemuva kokuba iPoland ibuyiselwe ngo-1918, yaphinde yabizwa njengenhlokodolobha. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, idolobha lahlukumezeka kakhulu kwathi i-85% yezakhiwo yacekelwa phansi ngamabhomu.

IWarsaw iyisikhungo sezepolitiki, sezomnotho, nesamasiko ePoland. Izimboni zayo zifaka insimbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini (imishini yokunemba, lathes, njll.), izimoto, izinjini, amakhemikhali, amakhemikhali, izindwangu, njll., nge-electronics, electromechanical, Okususelwa ekudleni. Imboni yezokuvakasha iyakhiwa, inezindawo eziheha izivakashi eziyi-172 nemizila engu-12 yokuvakasha. Kunamakolishi namanyuvesi ayi-14 kuleli dolobha.IYunivesithi yaseWarsaw eyasungulwa ngekhulu le-19 yaziwa ngokuqoqwa kwayo kwezincwadi okucebile.Kukhona nengadi yezitshalo kanye nesiteshi sezulu esigabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho kunePolish Academy of Sciences, i-Opera House, i-Concert Hall kanye ne- "10th Anniversary Stadium" engakwazi ukwamukela ababukeli abacishe babe ngu-100 000 endaweni esemadolobheni.

Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwePoland ngo-1945, uhulumeni wakha kabusha idolobha elidala njengoba laliseWarsaw, wagcina isitayela nokubukeka kwangezikhathi eziphakathi, futhi wanweba nendawo entsha yasemadolobheni. Ibhange lasentshonalanga yeVistula idolobha elidala, elizungezwe izindonga zangaphakathi zezitini ezibomvu zekhulu le-13 kanye nezindonga ezingaphandle zekhulu le-14, ezizungezwe izinqaba zasendulo. Lapha kuqoqwa izakhiwo ezibabazekayo ezibabazekayo zemimoya ebomvu phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, isigodlo sasendulo esasaziwa ngokuthi yi "Polish National Cultural Monument" -isigodlo sangaphambili sasebukhosini, kanye nezakhiwo eziningi zasendulo ezivela eNkathini Ephakathi kanye ne-Renaissance. I-Krasinski Palace iyisakhiwo esihle kunazo zonke se-Baroque eWarsaw.I-Lazienki Palace ingubuciko obuvelele be-Polishism. Kukhona nezakhiwo ezifana neChurch of the Holy Cross, iSonto LaseSt. John, iSonto LamaRoma, kanye neRussia Church. I-Holy Cross Church iyindawo yokuphumula yomqambi omkhulu wasePoland uChopin. Kunamatshe esikhumbuzo amade, izithombe ezibunjiwe noma okusakazwayo kulo lonke idolobha. Isifanekiso sethusi seMermaid eMfuleni iVistula akusona nje kuphela isibonakaliso seWarsaw, kodwa futhi siyisibonakaliso sesibindi nokungayeki kwabantu basePoland. Isifanekiso sethusi seChopin eLazienki Park simi eceleni komthombo omkhulu. Izithombe zikaKirinsky, umholi Wokuvukela Kwango-Ephreli eWarsaw, nezithombe zikaPrince Poniadowski, zazinesibindi futhi zineqhawe. Indlunkulu yeWarsaw People’s August Uprising, emele isiko lezinguquko, kanye nendawo yokuzalwa yokwenziwa kukaDzerzhinsky weRiphabhuliki yasePoland, nayo isedolobheni elidala. Ikhaya lesazi sefiziksi esidume umhlaba wonke nesitholile i-radium, indawo azalelwa kuyo uMadame Curie, nendawo yokuhlala endala iChopin isiphenduke iminyuziyamu.