Estonia, dzina lonse la Republic of Estonia, lili ndi makilomita 45,200 ma kilomita. Ili pagombe lakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Baltic, imadutsa Gulf of Riga, Nyanja ya Baltic ndi Gulf of Finland kumpoto chakumadzulo, Latvia kumwera chakum'mawa ndi Russia kum'mawa. Mphepete mwa nyanja ndi makilomita 3794 kutalika. Madera omwe ali m'derali ndi otsika komanso ataliatali okhala ndi mapiri ochepa pakati, okwera pafupifupi 50 mita. Nyanja ndi madambo ambiri. Mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi Narva, Pärnu, ndi Emagi. Nyanja zazikulu kwambiri ndi Nyanja ya Chud ndi Nyanja ya Wolz. Ili ndi nyengo yam'madzi, yozizira kozizira kwambiri mu Januware ndi February, ndi kutentha kwapakati -5 ° C, chilimwe chotentha kwambiri mu Julayi, kutentha kwapakati pa 16 ° C komanso mvula yapachaka ya 500-700 mm.

Dzikoli lagawika zigawo 15, ndipo muli mizinda ndi matauni akuluakulu okwana 254. Mayina a zigawo ndi awa: Hiiu, Harju, Rapla, Salier, Ryané-Viru, Iraq Da-Viru, Yalva, Villandi, Yegheva, Tartu, Viru, Varga, Belva, Parnu ndi Riane.

Anthu aku Estonia akhala ku Estonia wamakono kuyambira kale. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 10 mpaka 12 AD, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Estonia adalumikizidwa ku Kievan Rus. Mtundu waku Estonia udapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 12th-13th. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 13, Estonia idalandidwa ndikukhala a Germany Knights and the Danes. Kuyambira chapakati pa zaka za zana la 13 mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 16, Estonia idalandidwa ndi Ankhondo Omenyera nkhondo aku Germany ndikukhala gawo la Livonia. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16, gawo la Estonia lidagawika pakati pa Sweden, Denmark ndi Poland. Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 17, Sweden idalanda dziko lonse la Estonia. Pakati pa 1700 ndi 1721, a Peter Wamkulu adamenya nkhondo yayitali "Yankhondo Yakumpoto" ndi Sweden kuti alande mwayi wolowera ku Nyanja ya Baltic, ndipo pamapeto pake adagonjetsa Sweden, kukakamiza Sweden kuti isayine "Pangano la Mtendere la Nishtat" ndikulanda Estonia. Estonia idalumikizidwa kukhala Russia.

Mphamvu zaku Soviet Union zidakhazikitsidwa mu Novembala 1917. Mu February 1918, gawo lonse la Estonia lidalandidwa ndi asitikali aku Germany. Estonia yalengeza zakukhazikitsidwa kwa demokalase ya bourgeois mu Meyi 1919. Pa February 24, 1920, Ai yalengeza kuti yalekana ndi ulamuliro wa Soviet. Lamulo lachinsinsi la mgwirizano wosachita nkhanza lomwe lidasainidwa ndi Soviet Union ndi Germany pa Ogasiti 23, 1938 limafotokoza kuti Estonia, Latvia ndi Lithuania ndi magawo a Soviet Union. Estonia adalowa Soviet Union mu 1940. Pa June 22, 1941, dziko la Germany linaukira Soviet Union. Estonia inakhala m'manja mwa Germany kwa zaka zitatu ndipo inakhala mbali ya chigawo chakum'mawa kwa Germany. Mu Novembala 1944, Soviet Red Army idamasula Estonia. Pa Novembala 15, 1989, a Supreme Soviet aku Estonia adalengeza kuti Estonia ilowa m'malo a Soviet Union mu 1940 osagwira ntchito. Pa Marichi 30, 1990, Republic of Estonia idabwezeretsedwanso. Pa Ogasiti 20, 1991, Chikondi chidalengeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha. Pa Seputembara 10 chaka chomwecho, Ai adalumikizana ndi CSCE ndipo adalowa nawo United Nations pa Seputembara 17.

Mbendera yadziko: Kakonzedwe kopingasa kokhala ndi kutalika kwa kutalika mpaka 11: 7. Pamwamba pa mbendera pamakhala timakona tating'onoting'ono tofananira tolumikizana tolumikizana palimodzi, tomwe ndi tibuluu, chakuda ndi choyera kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi. Buluu akuimira kudziyimira pawokha pawokha, kudziyimira pawokha komanso kudalirika kwadziko; chakuda chikuyimira chuma, nthaka yachonde mdzikolo ndi mchere wambiri; zoyera zikuyimira kukongola, ufulu, kuwala ndi chiyero. Mbendera yapadziko lonse lapansi idagwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo mu 1918. Estonia idakhala republic ya dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Union mu 1940. Kuyambira 1945, mbendera yofiira yokhala ndi malekezero a nyenyezi zisanu, chikwakwa ndi nyundo kumtunda ndi zoyera zoyera, zamtambo ndi zofiira kumunsi yakhala mbendera yadziko. Mu 1988, mbendera yoyambayo idabwezeretsedwa, ndiye kuti, mbendera yapadziko lonse.

1.361 miliyoni ku Estonia (kumapeto kwa 2006). Mwa iwo, okhala m'mizinda amakhala 65.5% ndipo anthu akumidzi amakhala 34.5%. Amuna amayembekezeka kukhala ndi moyo zaka 64.4 ndipo azimayi ndi zaka 76.6. Mitundu yayikulu ndi Estonia 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukraine 2.1% ndi Belarusian. Chilankhulo chachikulu ndi Chiestonia. Chingerezi ndi Chirasha zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri. Zipembedzo zazikuluzikulu ndi Chipulotesitanti cha Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox ndi Chikatolika.

Estonia ndi yotukuka kwambiri m'makampani ndi ulimi. Malo achilengedwe ndi ochepa. Madera a nkhalangoyi ndi mahekitala 1.8146 miliyoni, omwe ndi 43% yamalo onsewa. Mchere waukulu umaphatikizapo shale yamafuta (nkhokwe pafupifupi matani 6 biliyoni), mwala wa phosphate (nkhokwe za matani pafupifupi 4 biliyoni), miyala yamwala, ndi zina zambiri. Gawo lalikulu la mafakitale limaphatikizapo kupanga makina, kukonza nkhuni, zomangira, zamagetsi, nsalu ndi mafakitale opanga chakudya. Zaulimi zimayang'aniridwa ndi ziweto, zomwe zimakweza ng'ombe zamkaka, ng'ombe ndi nkhumba; mbewu zazikulu ndi izi: tirigu, rye, mbatata, masamba, chimanga, fulakesi ndi mbewu za akalulu. Makampani opanga mizati monga zokopa alendo, mayendedwe amtundu wa mayendedwe ndi ntchito zopitilira kupitilira kukula.

Tallinn: Tallinn, likulu la Republic of Estonia (Tallinn), lili pakati pa Gulf of Riga ndi Gulf of Copley pagombe lakumwera kwa Gulf of Finland ku Baltic Sea kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Ireland. Ankalumikiza Central ndi Eastern Europe ndi Southern and Northern Europe. Amadziwika kuti "Crossroads of Europe" ndipo ndi doko lofunikira lazamalonda, likulu la mafakitale komanso zokopa alendo pagombe la Baltic Sea. Gombe limayambira makilomita 45. Ili ndi dera lalikulu masikweya kilomita 158.3 ndipo ili ndi anthu 404,000 (Marichi 2000). Nyengo imakhudzidwa ndi nyanja, ndimvula yozizira komanso yochepa mvula yam'masika, yotentha komanso yanyontho chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, nyengo yozizira komanso yachisanu, ndikutentha kwapakati pa 4.7 ° C.

Tallinn wazunguliridwa ndi madzi mbali zitatu ndipo ali ndi malo okongola komanso osavuta. Ndi mzinda wokhawo kumpoto kwa Europe womwe umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake akale komanso mawonekedwe ake. Mzindawu wagawika magawo awiri: mzinda wakale ndi mzinda watsopano.

Tallinn ndi doko lofunikira lazamalonda, doko lakusodza ndi likulu la mafakitale ku Estonia. . Pofuna kupambana kuti mafuta ochokera ku Russia atumizidwenso kuchokera ku Tallinn, boma la Estonia lidakhazikitsa pulani ya 2005 yolimbitsa Tallinn ngati njira yopita ku Russia.

Makampani amaphatikizapo kupanga zombo, kupanga makina, kukonza zitsulo, umagwirira, kupanga mapepala, nsalu ndi kukonza chakudya. Mzindawu uli ndi Estonia Academy of Science, Industrial Academy, Academy of Fine Arts, Normal Academy ndi Music Academy, komanso malo owonetsera zakale ambiri.