Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe eziyi-15, linamadolobha amakhulu namancane amakhulu angama-254. Amagama ezifundazwe ami kanje: Hiiu, Harju, Rapla, Salier, Ryané-Viru, Iraq UDa-Viru, uYalva, uVillandi, uYegheva, uTartu, uVeru, uVarga, uBelva, uParnu noRiane.

Abantu base-Estonia bahlala e-Estonia yanamuhla kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kusukela ngekhulu le-10 kuya kwele-12 AD, i-Estonia eseningizimu-mpumalanga yahlanganiswa yaba yiKievan Rus. Isizwe sase-Estonia sakhiwa ngekhulu le-12 kuya kwele-13. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, i-Estonia yahlaselwa futhi yathathwa amaJalimane amaK Knights namaDanes. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-13 kuya maphakathi nekhulu le-16, i-Estonia yanqotshwa amaKhosi Empi YaseJalimane futhi yaba yingxenye yeLivonia. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, insimu yase-Estonia yahlukaniswa phakathi kweSweden, iDenmark nePoland. Maphakathi nekhulu le-17, iSweden yathatha lonke elase-Estonia. Phakathi kuka-1700 no-1721, uPeter Omkhulu walwa “neMpi YaseNyakatho” yesikhathi eside neSweden ngenhloso yokubamba ukungena koLwandle iBaltic, wagcina ehlule iSweden, ephoqa iSweden ukuthi isayine "iSivumelwano Sokuthula SaseNishtat" futhi yathatha i-Estonia. I-Estonia yafakwa eRussia.

Amandla eSoviet asungulwa ngoNovemba 1917. Ngo-February 1918, yonke insimu yase-Estonia yahlalwa amabutho amaJalimane. I-Estonia yamemezela ukusungulwa kwe-republic yeningi yentando yeningi ngoMeyi 1919. NgoFebhuwari 24, 1920, i-Ai yamemezela ukwehlukana kwayo namandla eSoviet. Umthetho olandelwayo oyimfihlo wesivumelwano sokungabi nobudlova esisayinwe yiSoviet Union kanye neJalimane ngo-Agasti 23, 1938 ubeka ukuthi i-Estonia, iLatvia, neLithuania yizinhlaka zethonya leSoviet Union. I-Estonia yajoyina iSoviet Union ngo-1940. NgoJuni 22, 1941, iJalimane yahlasela iSoviet Union. I-Estonia yathathwa iJalimane iminyaka emithathu yaba yingxenye Yesifundazwe SaseMpumalanga Jalimane. Ngo-November 1944, iSoviet Red Army yakhulula i-Estonia. NgoNovemba 15, 1989, iSupreme Soviet yase-Estonia yamemezela ukuthi isimemezelo sokubusa kwe-Estonia eSoviet Union ngo-1940 asisebenzi. Ngo-Mashi 30, 1990, iRiphabhulikhi yase-Estonia yabuyiselwa. Ngo-Agasti 20, 1991, uThando wamemezela ngokusemthethweni inkululeko. NgoSepthemba 10 wangonyaka ofanayo, i-Ai yajoyina i-CSCE yajoyina i-United Nations ngoSepthemba 17.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Unxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-11: 7. Ingaphezulu lefulegi lakhiwe ngamaxande amathathu ahambisanayo futhi alinganayo axhumene ndawonye, ​​aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amnyama nomhlophe ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kufanekisela inkululeko, ubukhosi kanye nobuqotho bezwe; omnyama ukhombisa ingcebo, umhlaba ovundile wezwe kanye nezinsizakusebenza ezicebile zamaminerali; okumhlophe kufanekisela ubuhle, inkululeko, ukukhanya nokuhlanzeka. Ifulegi lamanje lesizwe lasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1918. I-Estonia yaba yiriphabhuliki yezwe elaliyiSoviet Union ngo-1940. Kusukela ngo-1945, ifulegi elibomvu elinezinkanyezi ezinamaphoyinti amahlanu, iphethini yesikela kanye nesando engxenyeni engenhla nezimvubu ezimhlophe, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu engxenyeni engezansi zamukelwa njengefulegi lesizwe. Ngo-1988, ifulegi lesizwe lasekuqaleni labuyiselwa, okungukuthi, ifulegi lesizwe elikhona njengamanje.

1.361 wezigidi e-Estonia (ekupheleni kuka-2006). Phakathi kwabo, isibalo sabantu basemadolobheni sifinyelela ku-65.5% kanti abantu basemakhaya babalelwa ku-34.5%. Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabantu besilisa yiminyaka engama-64.4 kanti leso sabesifazane yiminyaka engama-76.6. Amaqembu aphambili ezinhlanga yi-Estonia 67.9%, iRussia i-25.6%, i-Ukraine 2.1% neBelarusian. Ulimi olusemthethweni isi-Estonia. IsiNgisi nesiRashiya nazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi. Izinkolo eziyinhloko amaLuthela amaProthestani, i-Eastern Orthodox nobuKatolika.

I-Estonia ithuthukiswe kakhulu embonini nakwezolimo. Izinsiza zemvelo ziyindlala.Indawo yehlathi ingamahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1.8146, ebala u-43% wendawo isiyonke yale ndawo. Amaminerali ayinhloko afaka i-oil shale (izinqolobane ezingaba ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha), idwala le-phosphate (izinqolobane ezingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine), i-limestone, njll Imikhakha emikhulu yezimboni ifaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, ukucutshungulwa kwezinkuni, izinto zokwakha, i-elekthronikhi, izindwangu kanye nezimboni ezisebenza ngokudla. Ezolimo ziphethwe ukufuywa kwezilwane, ikakhulukazi ukufuya izinkomo zobisi, izinkomo zenyama nezingulube; izilimo eziyinhloko yilezi: ukolweni, i-rye, amazambane, imifino, ummbila, ifilakisi nezitshalo zefolishi. Izimboni zezinsika ezifana nezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha ezokuthutha kanye nezimboni zensizakalo zaqhubeka nokukhula.

ITallinn: ITallinn, inhlokodolobha yeRiphabhulikhi yase-Estonia (iTallinn), itholakala phakathi kweGulf of Riga neGulf of Copley ogwini oluseningizimu yeGulf of Finland oLwandle iBaltic enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Ireland. Yayijwayele ukuxhuma i-Central ne-Eastern Europe ne-Southern ne-Northern Europe. Yaziwa njenge "Crossroads of Europe" futhi iyichweba elibalulekile lezentengiselwano, isikhungo sezimboni kanye nokuheha izivakashi ogwini lwaseBaltic Sea. Ugu lolula ngamakhilomitha angama-45. Inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-158.3 kanye nenani labantu abangama-404,000 (Mashi 2000). Isimo sezulu ngokusobala sithintwa ulwandle, nemvula epholile nemincane entwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla efudumele nenomswakama, ebusika obubandayo nobuneqhwa, ngokushisa okuphakathi konyaka okungu-4.7 ° C.

ITallinn izungezwe ngamanzi ezinhlangothini ezintathu futhi inendawo enhle futhi elula. Kuphela kwedolobha laseNyakatho Yurophu eligcina ukubukeka kwalo nesitayela sangenkathi ephakathi. Idolobha lihlukaniswe kabili: idolobha elidala nedolobha elisha.

ITallinn iyichweba elibalulekile lezentengiselwano, itheku lokudoba kanye nesikhungo sezimboni e-Estonia. Amandla okungena ethekwini alala isibili phakathi kwamachweba oLwandle iBaltic, alandela eVentspils eLatvia (itheku elikhulu elingenaqhwa ogwini lwaseBaltic Sea) . Ukuze anqobe ukuthunyelwa kabusha kukawoyela waseRussia ovela eTallinn, uhulumeni wase-Estonia wasungula uhlelo lwamasu lwango-2005 lokuqinisa isimo seTallinn njengomgudu wokuhamba weRussia.

Imboni ikakhulu ifaka ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukwenziwa kwemishini, ukwenziwa kwensimbi, ikhemistri, ukwenziwa kwephepha, izindwangu nokulungiswa kokudla. Futhi yisikhungo sezobuchwepheshe namasiko e-Estonia.Idolobha line-Estonia Academy of Sciences, Industrial Academy, Academy of Fine Arts, Teachers College ne Music Academy, kanye neminyuziyamu eminingi kanye namathiyetha.