I-Estonia, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhlikhi yase-Estonia, igubungela indawo ye-45,200 yeekhilomitha ezizikwere. Ifumaneka kunxweme olusempuma yoLwandle lweBaltic, imida iGulf of Riga, uLwandle lweBaltic kunye neGulf of Finland emantla ntshona, eLatvia kumazantsi mpuma naseRussia empuma. Unxweme luziikhilomitha ezingama-3794 ubude. Isimo sendawo esisezantsi sisezantsi kwaye sithe tyaba kunye neenduli eziphakathi phakathi, nokuphakama komndilili weemitha ezingama-50. Amachibi amaninzi kunye nemigxobhozo. Imilambo ephambili yiNarva, iPärnu kunye neEmagi. Awona machibi makhulu yiLake Chud kunye neLake Wolz. Inemozulu yaselwandle, kunye nobusika obubandayo ngoJanuwari nangoFebruwari, ngeqondo lobushushu eliphakathi -5 ° C, elona hlobo lishushu ngoJulayi, ngamaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-16 ° C kunye ne-avareji yemvula ngonyaka engama-500-700 mm.

Ilizwe lahlulwe langamaphondo ali-15, kukho iidolophu ezinkulu needolophu ezingama-254. Amagama amaphondo ngala alandelayo: Hiiu, Harju, Rapla, Salier, Ryané-Viru, Iraq UDa-Viru, uYalva, uVillandi, uYegheva, uTartu, uViru, uVarga, uBelva, uParnu noRiane.

Abantu base-Estonia bahlala e-Estonia yanamhlanje ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-10 ukuya kweye-12 AD, kumzantsi-mpuma we-Estonia wadityaniswa waba yiKievan Rus. Uhlanga lwase-Estonia lwenziwa ngenkulungwane ye-12 ukuya kweye-13. Ebutsheni benkulungwane ye-13, i-Estonia yahlaselwa yaza yathinjwa ziiKnights zaseJamani namaDanes. Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-13 ukuya kuthi xhaxhe kwinkulungwane ye-16, i-Estonia yoyiswa ngamajoni omnqamlezo aseJamani aza aba yinxalenye yeLivonia. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, ummandla wase-Estonia wahlulwa phakathi kweSweden, iDenmark nePoland. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-17, iSweden yathimba lonke elase-Estonia. Ukusuka ngo-1700 ukuya ku-1721, uPeter the Great walwa ixesha elide "iMfazwe yaseNtla" neSweden ngenjongo yokubamba ukufikelela kuLwandle lweBaltic, kwaye ekugqibeleni woyisa iSweden, enyanzelisa iSweden ukuba ityikitye "iSivumelwano soXolo saseNishtat", ithimba i-Estonia, ne-Estonia yadityaniswa yenziwa iRussia.

Amandla eSoviet amiselwa ngo-Novemba ngo-1917. NgoFebruwari 1918, wonke ummandla wase-Estonia wahlalwa yimikhosi yaseJamani. I-Estonia yabhengeza ukusekwa kweriphabliki yedemokhrasi ngoMeyi 1919. NgoFebruwari 24, 1920, iAi yabhengeza ukwahlukana kwayo negunya laseSoviet. Umgaqo olandelwayo ofihlakeleyo wesivumelwano esasisayinwe yiSoviet Union kunye neJamani ngo-Agasti 23, 1938 wathi i-Estonia, iLatvia, neLithuania yayingamacandelo eSoviet Union. I-Estonia yajoyina iSoviet Union ngo-1940. IJamani yahlasela iSoviet Union ngoJuni 22, 1941. I-Estonia yahluthwa yiJamani iminyaka emithathu yaza yaba yinxalenye yePhondo laseMpuma Jamani. NgoNovemba 1944, iSoviet Red Army yakhulula i-Estonia. NgoNovemba 15, 1989, iSoviet Ephakamileyo yase-Estonia yabhengeza ukungavunyelwa kwe-Estonia ukuba phantsi kweSoviet Union ngowe-1940. Ngo-Matshi 30, 1990, iRiphabliki yase-Estonia yabuyiselwa. Nge-20 ka-Agasti ka-1991, uthando lwazisa ngokusesikweni inkululeko. Nge-10 kaSeptemba kwakulo nyaka, i-Ai yajoyina i-CSCE kwaye yajoyina iZizwe eziManyeneyo nge-17 kaSeptemba.

Iflegi yesizwe: Uxande oxwesileyo onomlinganiso wobude kububanzi be-11: 7. Umphezulu weflegi wenziwe ngoxande olinganayo kunye nolinganayo oluxande oludibeneyo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omnyama nomhlophe ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ufuzisela inkululeko yelizwe, ulawulo lwalo kunye nokuthembeka komhlaba; umnyama ubonakalisa ubutyebi, umhlaba ochumileyo welizwe kunye nobutyebi bezimbiwa; umhlophe ubonakalisa ithamsanqa, inkululeko, ukukhanya kunye nobunyulu. Iflegi yangoku yesizwe yayisetyenziswa ngokusesikweni ngo-1918. I-Estonia yaba yiriphabliki yelizwe elalisakuba yiSoviet Union ngo-1940. Ukususela ngo-1945, iflegi ebomvu eyayineenkwenkwezi ezintlanu, irhengqa nesando esiphakamileyo kunye namabala amhlophe, aluhlaza kunye nobomvu emazantsi amkelwe njengeflegi yesizwe. Ngo-1988, iflegi yesizwe yoqobo yabuyiselwa, oko kukuthi, iflegi yesizwe yangoku.

1.361 yezigidi e-Estonia (ekupheleni kuka-2006). Phakathi kwabo, abemi basezidolophini babalelwa kuma-65.5% kwaye abantu basemaphandleni bafumana i-34.5%. Umndilili wokulindelwa kobomi kumadoda yiminyaka engama-64.4 kwaye eyabafazi yiminyaka engama-76.6 Amaqela aphambili ezizwe ngama-Estonia angama-67.9%, amaRashiya angama-25,6%, ama-Ukraine ama-2.1% kunye neBelarusian. Olona lwimi lusemthethweni sisi-Estonia. IsiNgesi nesiRashiya nazo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Iinkonzo eziphambili ngamaProtestanti amaLuthere, ama-Orthodox aseMpuma kunye nobuKatolika.

I-Estonia iphuculwe ngakumbi kumzi mveliso nakwezolimo. Indawo yendalo yehlathi ziihektare eziyi-1.8146 yezigidi, ebala i-43% yommandla uphela. Izimbiwa eziphambili zibandakanya i-oyile shale (oovimba abamalunga ne-6 yezigidi zeetoni), ilitye le-phosphate (oovimba abamalunga neetoni eziibhiliyoni ezi-4), ilitye lekalika, njl. Amacandelo aphambili kwimizi-mveliso abandakanya ukuveliswa koomatshini, ukwenziwa kweenkuni, izinto zokwakha, izixhobo zombane, amalaphu kunye nemizi mveliso yokulungisa ukutya. Ezolimo zilawulwa kakhulu kukufuya, okunyusa ikakhulu iinkomo zobisi, iinkomo zenyama kunye neehagu; ezona zivuno ziphambili zezi: ingqolowa, irye, iitapile, imifuno, umbona, iflakisi kunye nezityalo zokutya. Amashishini eentsika anjengokhenketho, uthutho lwezothutho kunye neenkonzo zeshishini ziyaqhubeka nokukhula. Tallinn: I-Tallinn, ikomkhulu leRiphabhlikhi yase-Estonia, imi phakathi kweGulf of Riga kunye neGulf of Copley kunxweme olusemazantsi eGulf of Finland kuLwandle lweBaltic emantla ntshona eIreland.Yayisebenzisa ukudibanisa uMbindi kunye neMpuma Yurophu kunye noMazantsi kunye noMntla Yurophu. Iyaziwa ngokuba yi "Crossroads of Europe" kwaye izibuko elibalulekileyo lezorhwebo, iziko lezemizi-mveliso kunye nomtsalane kubakhenkethi kunxweme loLwandle lweBaltic. Unxweme lolulela iikhilomitha ezingama-45. Inommandla weekhilomitha ezili-158.3 zeekhilomitha kunye nabemi abangama-404,000 (Matshi 2000). Imozulu ngokucacileyo ichaphazeleka lulwandle, kunemvula epholileyo kunye encinci entlakohlaza, efudumeleyo kwaye efumileyo ehlotyeni nasekwindla, ebusika nakwikhephu ebusika, ngeqondo lobushushu lonyaka eli-4.7 ° C.

I-Tallinn ijikelezwe ngamanzi kumacala amathathu kwaye inobuhle obuhle kwaye ilula.Yiyo kuphela idolophu eMantla Yurophu egcina ukubonakala kwayo kunye nesitayile sayo. Isixeko sahlulwe saziinxalenye ezimbini: isixeko esidala kunye nesixeko esitsha.

ITallinn lizibuko elibalulekileyo lezorhwebo, izibuko lokuloba kunye neziko lezemveliso e-Estonia.Izibuko liphuma kwindawo yesibini phakathi kwamazibuko eBaltic, okwesibini emva kweVentspils eLatvia (elona zibuko likhulu lingabandiyo kunxweme lweBaltic) . Ukuze kuphumelele ukuthunyelwa kwakhona kweoyile yaseRussia eTallinn, urhulumente wase-Estonia wenza isicwangciso-qhinga sika-2005 sokudibanisa imeko yaseTallinn njengepaseji yeRussia. Umzi mveliso ikakhulu kubandakanya ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa, ukuveliswa koomatshini, ukwenziwa kwesinyithi, ikhemistri, ukwenziwa kwephepha, amalaphu kunye nokulungiswa kokutya. Iziko lobuchwephesha kunye nezenkcubeko e-Estonia Esi sixeko sine-Estonia Academy yeSayensi, i-Industrial Academy, i-Academy yoBugcisa, ubuGcisa obuQhelekileyo kunye neMusic Academy, kunye neemyuziyam ezininzi kunye neqonga.