Estonia, izere zita reRiphabliki yeEstonia, inovhara nharaunda yemakiromita mazana mana nemazana mazana maviri. Inowanikwa kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweGungwa reBaltic, inopfuura neGulf yeRiga, Gungwa reBaltic neGulf yeFinland kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, Latvia kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva neRussia kumabvazuva. Mahombekombe akareba makiromita 3794. Nzvimbo iri mundima yakadzika uye yakati sandara nemakomo akaderera ari pakati, aine avhareji kukwirira kwemamita makumi mashanu. Madziva mazhinji nemachakwi. Nzizi huru ndiNarva, Pärnu, uye Emagi. Madziva akakurisa iLake Chud uye Lake Wolz. Iine mamiriro ekunze emugungwa, neinotonhora zvikuru nguva yechando muna Ndira naKukadzi, ine avhareji tembiricha ye -5 ° C, inopisa kwazvo zhizha muna Chikunguru, ine avhareji tembiricha ye16 ° C uye avhareji kunaya kwegore negore kwe500-700 mm.

Nyika yakakamurwa kuva matunhu gumi nemashanu, iine mazana maviri nemakumi mana nemazana emazana nemadhorobha madiki.Mazita emapurovhinzi anotevera: Hiiu, Harju, Rapla, Salier, Ryané-Viru, Iraq Da-Viru, Yalva, Villandi, Yegheva, Tartu, Viru, Varga, Belva, Parnu naRiane.

Vanhu veEstonia vakagara muEstonia yanhasi kubva panguva dzekare. Kubva muzana ramakore rechigumi kusvika regumi nemana AD, maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEstonia kwakabatanidzwa kuva Kievan Rus. Rudzi rweEstonia rwakaumbwa muzana re12 kusvika 13th century. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi13, Estonia yakapambwa ikatorwa nemaGerman ma Knights nemaDanes. Kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechi13 kusvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi 16, Estonia yakakundwa nemauto echiGerman uye ikava chikamu cheLivonia. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi16, nharaunda yeEstonia yakakamurwa pakati peSweden, Denmark nePoland. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 17, Sweden yakatora Estonia yose. Kubva muna 1700 kusvika 1721, Peter Mukuru akarwa nehondo yakareba "Hondo yekuchamhembe" neSweden kuitira kuti vatore mukana weGungwa reBaltic, ndokupedzisira vakunda Sweden, vachimanikidza Sweden kusaina "Nishtat Peace Chibvumirano", ichitora Estonia, neEstonia zvakabatana muRussia.

Simba reSoviet rakavambwa munaNovember 1917. MunaFebruary 1918, nharaunda yese yeEstonia yakatorwa nemauto eGerman. Estonia yakazivisa kugadzwa kwebourgeois demokrasi republic muna Chivabvu 1919. Musi waFebruary 24, 1920, Ai yakazivisa kuparadzana kwayo nesimba reSoviet. Chibvumirano chakavanzika chechibvumirano chisina hukasha chakasainwa neSoviet Union neGerman musi waNyamavhuvhu 23, 1938 chinotaura kuti Estonia, Latvia neLithuania ndiwo matunhu esimba reSoviet Union. Estonia yakabatana neSoviet Union muna 1940. PaJune 22, 1941, Germany yakarwisa Soviet Union.Estonia yakatorwa neGerman kwemakore matatu ikava chikamu cheEastern Province yeGerman. MunaNovember 1944, Soviet Red Army yakasunungura Estonia. Musi waNovember 15, 1989, Supreme Soviet yeEstonia yakazivisa kuzivisa kwekutongwa kweEstonia neSoviet Union muna 1940 kusiri pamutemo. Musi waMarch 30, 1990, Republic of Estonia yakadzorerwa. Musi waAugust 20, 1991, Rudo rwakazivisa zviri pamutemo kuzvitonga. Musi waGunyana 10 wegore rimwe chetero, Ai yakapinda muCSCE ndokubatana neUnited Nations musi waGunyana 17.

Mureza wenyika: yakatenderera yakatenderera ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hwe11: 7. Iyo mureza pamusoro inoumbwa nematatu akaenzana uye akaenzana akatwasuka rectangles akabatana pamwechete, ari ebhuruu, nhema uye chena kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. Bhuruu inoratidzira rusununguko rwenyika, kuzvitonga uye kuvimbika kwenzvimbo; dema rinomiririra hupfumi, nyika yakaorera yenyika uye zviwanikwa zvine zvicherwa zvichena; chena inomiririra rombo rakanaka, rusununguko, mwenje uye kuchena. Mureza wazvino wenyika wakashandiswa zviri pamutemo muna1918. Estonia yakava republic yeyaimbova Soviet Union muna 1940. Kubva 1945, mureza mutsvuku une mucherechedzo nyeredzi shanu, jeko uye sando patani kumusoro uye chena, bhuruu nematsvuku tsvuku pazasi chikamu chakagamuchirwa semureza wenyika. Muna 1988, mureza wepakutanga wakadzorerwa, ndiko kuti, mureza wazvino wenyika.

1.361 miriyoni muEstonia (pakupera kwa2006). Pakati pavo, huwandu hwemaguta hwakasvika 65.5% uye vagari vekumaruwa vakawana 34.5%. Ivhareji yeutarisiro hwehupenyu hwevarume makore makumi matanhatu nemana nemana makumi mana nenomwe uye yevakadzi makore makumi matanhatu neshanu nematanhatu. Iwo makuru madzinza ari maEstonia 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1% neBelarusian. Mutauro wepamutemo chiEstonia. Chirungu neRussia zvinoshandiswawo zvakanyanya. Zvitendero zvikuru ndezvePurotesitendi Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox uye Katurike.

Estonia yakavandudzwa muindasitiri nekurima. Natural zviwanikwa ishoma.Nzvimbo yemasango ine 1.8146 mamirioni mahekita, inoverengera 43% yenharaunda yese yenharaunda. Iwo makuru emaminera anosanganisira oiri shale (matura anosvika mabhiriyoni matanhatu ematani), phosphate rock (matura angangoita mabhiriyoni mana ematani), limestone, nezvimwe. Iwo makuru maindasitiri zvikamu zvinosanganisira michina kugadzira, kugadzira huni, zvekuvaka, zvemagetsi, machira uye ekugadzira maindasitiri. Zvekurima zvinotungamirwa nekuchengetwa kwemhuka, izvo zvinonyanya kusimudza mombe dzemukaka, mombe dzemombe uye nguruve; zvirimwa zvikuru ndezvi: gorosi, rye, mbatatisi, miriwo, chibage, furakisi uye furawa zvirimwa. Mbiru maindasitiri senge kushanya, kufambisa kwekufambisa uye maindasitiri ebasa akaramba achikura.

Tallinn: Tallinn, guta guru reRepublic of Estonia (Tallinn), iri pakati peGulf yeRiga neGulf of Copley kumahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba kweGulf yeFinland muGungwa reBaltic kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIreland. Inozivikanwa se "Crossroads yeEurope" uye yakakosha nzvimbo yekutengesa, nzvimbo yemabhizimusi uye inokwezva vashanyi pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa reBaltic. Mhenderekedzo yegungwa inotambanuka kwemakiromita makumi mashanu. Iyo ine nharaunda ye158.3 mativi emakiromita uye huwandu hwevanhu makumi mana nemazana mana (Kurume 2000). Mamiriro ekunze ari pachena anokanganiswa negungwa, nemvura inotonhorera uye shoma mumwaka wechirimo, inodziya uye ine hunyoro zhizha nematsutso, kutonhora uye kuchando kwechando, iine avhareji tembiricha yegore ye4.7 ° C.

Tallinn yakakomberedzwa nemvura pamativi matatu uye ine nzvimbo dzakanaka uye dzakareruka.Ndiro chete guta riri kuchamhembe kweEurope rinochengetedza maitiro aro epakati nepakati. Guta rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: guta rekare uye guta idzva.

Tallinn chiteshi chengarava chakakosha, chiteshi chehove uye nzvimbo yekumaindasitiri muEstonia. . Kuti vakunde kutengeswazve kwemafuta eRussia kubva kuTallinn, hurumende yeEstonia yakaronga hurongwa hwe2005 hwekubatanidza chinzvimbo cheTallinn semukoto weRussia.

Maindasitiri anonyanya kusanganisira kuvaka ngarava, kugadzira michina, kugadzira simbi, kemesitiri, kugadzira mapepa, machira uye kugadzira chikafu. Iri zvakare nzvimbo yehunyanzvi uye yetsika yeEstonia.Guta rine iyo Estonia Academy yeSainzi, Industrial Academy, Academy yeFine Arts, Normal Academy neMusic Academy, pamwe nemamuseum mizhinji nemitambo yemitambo.