Germany iri pakati peEurope, nePoland neCzech Republic kumabvazuva, Austria neSwitzerland kumaodzanyemba, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, neFrance kumadokero, uye Denmark kuchamhembe.Iyo nyika ine vavakidzani vakawanda muEurope. Nzvimbo iri 357020.22 mativi emakiromita (Zvita 1999). Iyo nzvimbo yakadzika kuchamhembe uye yakakwira kumaodzanyemba.Inogona kukamurwa kuita nzvimbo ina dzenzvimbo: North North Plain; Mid-German Mountains; Rhine Fracture Valley kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero; Bavarian Plateau neAlps kumaodzanyemba. Zugspitze, iyo hombe yepamusoro yeBayern Alps, iri 2963 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Iyo yepamusoro soro iri munyika. Nzizi huru iRhine, Elbe, Oder, Danube zvichingodaro. Mamiriro ekunze egungwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweGerman anonyanya kuzivikanwa, uye zvishoma nezvishoma anochinja achienda kune yekunze nyika kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba. Avhareji tembiricha iri pakati pe14 - 19 ℃ muna Chikunguru uye -5 ～ 1 ℃ munaNdira. Kunaya kwegore negore kuri 500-1000 mm, uye nzvimbo ine makomo ine zvimwe.

Germany yakakamurwa kuita nhanho nhatu: federal, nyika, nedunhu, nenyika gumi nenhanhatu nenzvimbo gumi nemana makumi masere neshanu. Mazita ematunhu gumi nematanhatu ndeaya: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia Lun, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein neThuringia. Pakati pavo, Berlin, Bremen neHamburg maguta nematunhu.

ChiKristu chisati chavapo, vanhu vechiGerman vaigara kuGerman nhasi. Marudzi akaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma mumazana matatu emakore AD. Iyo yekutanga feudal nyika yeGerman yakaumbwa muzana regumi regumi. Towards feudal separatism pakati pezana ramakore regumi nematatu. Pakutanga kwezana ramakore gumi nemasere, Austria nePrussia vakasimuka kuti vagadzire iyo Confederation yeGerman maererano neVienna Musangano muna 1815, uye Humambo hweGerman hwakabatana hwakavambwa muna 1871. Humambo hwakamutsa Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga muna 1914, ndokudonha muna 1918 payakakundwa. Muna Kukadzi 1919, Germany yakavamba Weimar Republic. Hitler akatanga kutonga muna 1933 kuita hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri. Germany yakatanga Hondo Yenyika II muna 1939, uye Germany yakazvipira musi waMay 8, 1945.

Mushure mehondo, zvinoenderana nechibvumirano cheYalta nechibvumirano chePotsdam, Germany yakatorwa neUnited States, Britain, France, neSoviet Union, uye nyika ina dzakaumba iyo Allied Control Committee kuti itore masimba epamusoro eGerman. Guta reBerlin rakakamurwawo kuita nzvimbo dzekugara ina. Muna June 1948, matunhu akapambwa eUnited States, Britain, neFrance akabatana. Musi waMay 23 wegore rinotevera, rakabatanidzwa Western Rakatarwa Territory rakagadza Federal Republic yeGerman. Pa Gumiguru 7th chegore rimwe chete, iyo German Democratic Republic yakavambwa munzvimbo inogarwa neSoviet kumabvazuva. Kubva ipapo, Germany yakakamurwa zviri pamutemo kuita nyika mbiri. Musi waGumiguru 3, 1990, GDR yakabatana zviri pamutemo neFederal Republic yeGerman. Bumbiro remitemo, People's Chamber, pamwe nehurumende yeGDR zvakamiswa zvoga.Matunhu ekutanga gumi nemana akachinjwa kuita nyika shanu kuitira kuti zvienderane neFederal Germany kumisikidzwa.Vakabatanidzwa muFederal Republic yeGerman, uye maGerman maviri aive akapatsanurwa kwemakore anopfuura makumi mana akabatanidzwazve.

Mureza wenyika: Iyo yakatenderera yakatenderera ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hwe5: 3. Kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, inoumbwa nekubatanidza matatu akaenzana uye akaenzana akaenzana akakona emakona matema, matsvuku, uye yero. Pane maonero akasiyana pakatangira mureza wetricolor.Inogona kuteverwa kumashure kuhumambo hwekare hweRoma muzana ramakore rekutanga AD.Gare gare muGerman Peasant War muzana ramakore rechi16 uye chiGerman bourgeois demokrasi shanduko muzana ramakore rechi17, mureza wetricolor unomiririra republic waivewo uchibhururuka panyika yeGerman. . Mushure mekudonha kwehumambo hweGerman muna1918, iyo Weimar Republic yakagamuchirawo mureza mutema, mutsvuku, uye yero semureza wayo wenyika. MunaGunyana 1949, iyo Federal Republic yeGerman yakavambwa uye ichiri kutora iyo tricolor mureza weWeimar Republic; iyo German Democratic Republic yakagadzwa muna Gumiguru wegore rimwechete zvakare yakagamuchira mureza wetricolor, asi chiratidzo chenyika kusanganisira sando, geji, nzeve yegorosi, nezvimwewo yakawedzerwa pakati pemureza. Muenzaniso wekuratidza mutsauko. Musi waGumiguru 3, 1990, yakabatanidzwazve Germany ichiri kushandisa mureza weFederal Republic yeGerman.

Germany ine huwandu hwemamiriyoni makumi masere nemakumi matatu nematatu (Zvita 31, 2006). Kunyanya maGerman, aine mashoma maDanes, maSerbian, maFrisian nemaGypsies. Kune mamirioni 7.289 evatorwa, vanoverengera 8.8% yehuwandu hwevanhu. General ChiGerman. Vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni makumi mashanu nematatu vanotenda muchiKirisitu, mamirioni makumi maviri nematanhatu vanotenda muchiRoman Catholic, mamirioni makumi maviri nemaviri vanotenda muchiPurotesitendi, uye mazana mapfumbamwe ezviuru vanotenda kuEastern Orthodox Church.

Germany inyika ine maindasitiri ane hunyanzvi. Mugore ra2006, mari yaro yepasi rose yaive US $ 2,858.234 bhiriyoni, iine mutengo wemari inosvika US $ 346,79. Simba rayo rezvehupfumi rakatanga muEurope, uye riri rechipiri chete kuUnited States neJapan pasi rose. Matatu makuru masimba ehupfumi. Germany ndiyo mutengesi mukuru wezvinhu.Hafu yezvigadzirwa zvayo zvemaindasitiri zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika, uye kukosha kwayo kwekutengesera iko zvino kwave pechipiri pasi rose. Huru vatengesi vevatengesi nyika dzekumadokero kwemaindasitiri. Germany ine urombo mune zviwanikwa. Pamusoro pehupfumi hwakachengetedzwa hwemarasha akaomarara, lignite uye munyu, inovimba zvakanyanya nekutenga zvinhu kunze kwenyika maererano nesimba rekushandisa uye simba, uye 2/3 yemagetsi ekutanga inoda kuunzwa kunze. Maindasitiri eGerman anotongwa nemaindasitiri anorema, ane mota, kugadzira michina, makemikari, uye maelectric emari anodarika makumi mana muzana yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu. Precision zviridzwa, optics, uye avhiyesheni uye eerospace maindasitiri zvakare akagadzirwa zvakanyanya. Tourism uye zvekufambisa zvakagadzirwa zvakanaka. Germany inyika hombe inoburitsa doro, kugadzirwa kwayo kwedoro pakati pepamusoro pasi, uye Oktoberfest inozivikanwa pasi rese. Iyo Euro (EURO) parizvino ndiyo yepamutemo nyoro yeGerman.

Germany yakaita budiriro yakatanhamara mutsika neunyanzvi.Vanhu vane mukurumbira vakaita saGoethe, Beethoven, Hegel, Marx naEngels vakabuda munhoroondo. Kune nzvimbo zhinji dzekufarira kuGerman, iwo anomiririra ndeaya: Brandenburg Gate, Cologne Cathedral, nezvimwe.

Gedhi reBrandenburg (Gedhi reBrandenburg) riri pamharadzano yeLinden Street naJune 17th Street pakati peBerlin.Ichi chinokwezva chevashanyi chakakurumbira mudhorobha reBerlin uye chiratidzo chekubatana kweGerman. Sans Souci Palace (Sans Souci Palace) iri kumatunhu ekuchamhembe kwePotsdam, guta guru reBrandenburg kumadokero kweFederal Republic yeGerman. Zita reimba yamambo rinotorwa kubva kune iro rekutanga zvinoreva "Kunetseka-kusununguka" muchiFrench.

Muzinda weSanssouci nemagadheni akapoteredzwa akavakwa panguva yaMambo Frederick II wePrussia (1745-1757), zvichitevera chimiro chekuvaka cheImba yeVersailles muFrance. Bindu rese rinofukidza nzvimbo inosvika mahekita mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe uye riri padundundu rejecha, saka rinozivikanwawo sekuti "muzinda uri padundundu rejecha". Zvese zvekuvaka zveSanssouci Palace zvakagara makore angangoita makumi mashanu, inova ndiyo musimboti wehunyanzvi hwekuvaka hweGerman.

Cologne Cathedral ndiyo chechi ye Gothic yakakwana kwazvo pasirese, iri paRhine River pakati peCologne, Germany. Kureba kwekumabvazuva-kumadokero ndeye 144.55 metres, iyo yekuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba upamhi ndeye 86.25 metres, horo iri 43.35 metres kukwirira, uye mbiru yepamusoro ndeyemamita 109. Pakati pacho pane mbiri mbiri dzakabatana dzakabatana nemudhuri wemusuwo. Iwo maviri 157.38 mita mamirita akafanana nemapfumo maviri anopinza. Yakananga mudenga. Icho chivakwa chese chakagadzirwa nematombo akakwenenzverwa, anofukidza nharaunda ye8,000 mativi emamita, nenzvimbo yekuvakira ingangoita 6,000 mativi emamita. Kune akati wandei madiki madiki anotenderedza kereke. Kereke huru yese yakasviba, iyo inonyanya kukwezva maziso pakati pezvivakwa zvese muguta.

Berlin: Berlin, seguta guru mushure mekubatanidzwazve kweGerman muna Gumiguru 1990, iri diki nevakuru. Iyo iri mumoyo weEurope uye ndiyo nzvimbo yekusangana yeEast neWest. Guta rakafukidza nzvimbo inosvika 883 mativi emakiromita, ayo mapaki, masango, nyanza nenzizi zvinotora chikamu chechina cheguta rese.Guta rese rakakomberedzwa nemasango nehuswa, kunge chitsuwa chihombe chakakura. Huwandu hwevanhu hunosvika mamirioni 3.39. Berlin izita rekare reEuropean guta uye rakavambwa muna 1237. Mushure meBismarck yakabatana Germany muna 1871, Dublin yakasarudzwa. Musi waGumiguru 3, 1990, maGerman maviri akabatana, uye East neWest Berlin zvakabatanidzwa kuva guta rimwe zvakare.

Berlin inzvimbo inozivikanwa yekushanya muEurope, uko kune zvivakwa zvekare zvekare nezvazvino. Classical uye emazuva ano ekuvakisa hunyanzvi anozadzikirana uye anowirirana, zvichiratidza hunhu hweGerman hwekuvaka hunyanzvi. Imba yemusangano yakapera muna 1957 ndeimwe yemabasa anomiririra ekuvakwa kwazvino.kuchamhembe kwayo, yaimbova Empire State Capitol yakadzorerwa zvishoma. Iyo Symphony Hall yakavakwa muna 1963 uye iyo National Yemazuva Ano Art Gallery yakagadzirirwa neakakurumbira mapurani Ludwig vane nhoroondo mune dhizaini. Pamativi ese ekare eKaiser Wilhelm I Memorial Hall, kune kereke nyowani ine octagonal uye bhero tower. Kune zvakare makumi maviri-nhurikidzwa European Center chivakwa chine simbi uye girazi chimiro padyo. Iyo 1,6-kilometre-kureba "Mugwagwa uri pasi peMuti weBodhi" inozivikanwa boulevard muEurope. Yakavakwa naFrederick II. Mugwagwa uyu wakareba mamita makumi matanhatu uye wakazadzwa nemiti kumativi ese. Kumadokero kwekupedzisira kwemugwagwa kune iyo Brandenburg Gate rakavakwa munzira yeAcropolis gedhi kuGreek yekare.Iye rakakurumbira Brandenburg Gate mucherechedzo weBerlin.Pashure peanopfuura makore mazana maviri ezviuru, inogona kunzi chapupu chenhoroondo yazvino yeGerman.

Berlin iri zvakare hwindo rekunze retsika dzechiGerman. Berlin ine dzimba dze opera nhatu, zana dzemitambo zana nemakumi mashanu, mamuseum, 170 dzimba dzemitambo, mazana matatu emabhaisikopo uye mazana mana emitambo yakashama. Iyo yeBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra inozivikanwa pasi rese. Nhoroondo yeHumboldt University uye Yunivhesiti Yemahara yeBerlin ese ari maviri masisitimu anozivikanwa pasirese.

Berlin iri zvakare nzvimbo yekufambisa yepasi rese. Kuvhurwa kwechitima cheBerlin-Berstein muna 1838 kwakaratidza kutanga kwenjanji yeEuropean.Muna 1881, tramu yekutanga yenyika yakashandiswa muBerlin. Iyo Berlin Metro yakavakwa muna 1897, iine hurefu hwakazara hwemakiromita makumi manomwe neshanu hondo isati yatanga, ine zviteshi makumi mapfumbamwe nezviviri, ichiiita imwe yemasisitimu epasi pevhu akazara muEurope. Berlin ikozvino ine nhandare huru nhatu, zviteshi zvitatu zvezvitima zvepasi rose, makiromita 5170 emigwagwa, uye 2,387 makiromita ekufambisa kwevanhu.

Munich: Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kwetsoka dzeAlps, Munich iguta rakanaka remakomo rakakomberedzwa nemakomo nenzizi. Iyo zvakare yakakurisa nzvimbo yedare tsika muGerman. Seguta rechitatu pakukura muGerman rine 1.25 mamirioni evagari, Munich yakagara ichichengetedza dhizaini yaro yemaguta ine shongwe zhinji dzechechi uye zvimwe zvivakwa zvekare. Munich iguta rine mukurumbira mutsika. Pamusoro pekuve neraibhurari yakakura yenyika, makumi mana emitambo uye yunivhesiti ine vadzidzi vanodarika makumi masere, pane vanopfuura vana muMunich, kusanganisira mamuseum, matsime epaki, zvivezwa nedoro. zvakawanda.

Seguta rezvetsika nemagariro, Munich ine zvivakwa zveBaroque uye zveGothic. Ndivo vamiririri venguva yeEuropean Renaissance. Zvivezwa zvakasiyana siyana zvakazara muguta uye zvakajeka.

Oktoberfest muna Gumiguru gore rega rega ndiyo yepasirese mutambo wevanhu.Vapfuuri vanopfuura mamirioni mashanu kubva pasirese pasirese vachauya pano kuzopemberera uyu mukuru mutambo. Oktoberfest muMunich yakatanga kubva kune akateedzana akaitwa muna 1810 kupemberera mazana emakore pakati peCrown Prince weBavaria naMambokadzi Dairis weSaxony-Hildenhausen. Kwemakore anodarika zana, munaGunyana naGumiguru woga woga, kwaive ne "mweya wedoro" mumigwagwa yeguta. Paive nezvitoro zvakawanda zvekudya zvebira mumigwagwa. Vanhu vakagara pazvigaro zvemuti zvakareba uye vakabata makombi makuru eeceramic aigona kubata litre rimwe redoro. Inwa zvakanyanya sezvaunoda, guta rese rizere nemufaro, mamirioni emarita edoro, mazana ezviuru emabhanana akatsvairwa. "Dumbu redoro" revanhu veMunich rinoratidzawo vanhu kuti vanogona kunwa zvakanaka.

Frankfurt: Frankfurt iri pamahombekombe eRwizi Rukuru.Frankfurt inzvimbo yezvemari yeGerman, guta rekuratidzira, uye gedhi remhepo uye nhabvu yekufambisa kuenda pasirese. Inofananidzwa nemamwe maguta kuGerman, Frankfurt ine vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Seimwe yenzvimbo dzemari dzenyika, ma skyscrapers mudunhu rebhengi reFrankfurt akarongedzwa mumitsara, izvo zvinotyisa. Anopfuura mazana matatu emabhangi nematavi ari mumigwagwa yeFrankfurt. "Deutsche Bank" iri pakati peFrankfurt. Iyo yepakati bhangi yeFederal Republic yeGerman yakafanana neyakaipisisa nerve, ichikanganisa hupfumi hwese hweGerman. Iwo mahofisi makuru eEuropean Bank neGerman Stock Exchange ari muFrankfurt. Nechikonzero ichi, guta reFrankfurt rinonzi "Manhattan on the Main".

Frankfurt haisi nzvimbo yemari chete munyika, asiwo guta rakakurumbira rekuratidzira rine makore mazana masere enhoroondo. Dzinosvika gumi neshanu dzakakura dzinoitwa gore rega rega, senge International Consumer Goods Fair inoitwa muchirimo uye zhizha gore rega; iyo biennial yepasi rose "hutsanana, kudziyisa, mhepo-kutonhodza" nyanzvi yehunyanzvi, nezvimwe.

Rhein-Main Airport yeFrankfurt ndiyo yechipiri yeEuropean airport uye gedhi reGerman kuenda pasirese.Inotakura vafambi vanosvika mamirioni gumi nemasere gore rega rega. Ndege dziri kusimuka pano dzinobhururuka kuenda kumaguta 192 pasirese, uye kune nzira mazana maviri negumi dzinosanganisa Frankfurt nepasi rose.

Frankfurt harisi iro chete iro rezvehupfumi reGerman, asiwo guta rine tsika. Iri ndiro guta rekumusha reGoethe, munyori wepasirese, uye kwaaigara kwave kuri pakati peguta. Kune mamuseum aka 17 nenzvimbo dzakawanda dzinonakidza muFrankfurt.Masara evaRoma vekare, paki yemichindwe, Heninger Tower, Eustinus Church, uye opera yekare zvese zvakakosha kuona.