IJalimane itholakala enkabeni yeYurophu, nePoland neCzech Republic isempumalanga, eningizimu ne-Austria neSwitzerland, entshonalanga, iNetherlands, iBelgium, iLuxembourg, neFrance, neDenmark ngasenyakatho. Yizwe elinomakhelwane abaningi eYurophu. Indawo ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-357020.22 (Disemba 1999). Indawo iphansi enyakatho futhi iphezulu eningizimu.Ingahlukaniswa ibe izindawo ezinezindawo ezinezindawo: i-North German Plain; i-Mid-German Mountains; i-Rhine Fracture Valley eningizimu-ntshonalanga; iBavarian Plateau ne-Alps eningizimu. I-Zugspitze, isiqongo esikhulu se-Bayern Alps, ingamamitha angama-2963 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Isiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ezweni. Imifula emikhulu yiRhine, i-Elbe, i-Oder, iDanube njalonjalo. Isimo sezulu sasolwandle enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeJalimane siyabonakala, futhi kancane kancane siguqula isimo sezulu sezwekazi siye empumalanga naseningizimu. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi liphakathi kuka-14 no-19 ℃ ngoJulayi no -5 ～ 1 ℃ ngoJanuwari. Imvula yonyaka ingama-500-1000 mm, kanti indawo enezintaba inokuningi.

IJalimane ihlukaniswe yaba amazinga amathathu: federal, state, and regional, with 16 states and 14,808 region. Amagama ezifundazwe eziyi-16 yilawa: IBaden-Württemberg, iBavaria, iBerlin, iBrandenburg, iBremen, iHamburg, iHesse, iMecklenburg-Vorpommern, iLower Saxony, iNorth Rhine-Westphalia ILun, iRhineland-Palatinate, iSaarland, iSaxony, iSaxony-Anhalt, iSchleswig-Holstein neThuringia. Phakathi kwazo, iBerlin, iBremen neHamburg kukhona amadolobha nezifundazwe.

Abantu baseJalimane bahlala eJalimane namuhla. Izizwe zakhiwa kancane kancane ngekhulu le-2-3 AD. Isimo sokuqala sombuso waseJalimane sakhiwa ngekhulu le-10. Ngakwi-feudal separatism maphakathi nekhulu le-13th. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, i-Austria nePrussia basukuma bakha i-Confederation yaseJalimane ngokusho kweNgqungquthela yaseVienna ngo-1815, futhi umbuso wobumbano waseJalimane wasungulwa ngo-1871. Umbuso wavusa iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-1914, futhi wawa ngo-1918 lapho wehlulwa. NgoFebhuwari 1919, iJalimane yasungula i-Weimar Republic. UHitler waqala ukubusa ngo-1933 ukuze asebenzise umbuso wobushiqela. IJalimane yaqala iMpi Yezwe II ngo-1939, futhi iJalimane yazinikela ngoMeyi 8, 1945.

Ngemuva kwempi, ngokwesivumelwano saseYalta kanye nesivumelwano sasePotsdam, iGermany yayiphethwe yi-United States, iBrithani, iFrance kanye neSoviet Union, futhi la mazwe amane akha i-Allied Control Committee ukuze athathe amandla aphakeme eGermany. Idolobha laseBerlin nalo lihlukaniswe laba yizindawo zokuhlala ezine. Ngo-June 1948, izindawo ezazithathelwe e-United States, eBrithani naseFrance zahlangana. NgoMeyi 23 wonyaka olandelayo, indawo ehlanganisiwe yaseWestern Occupied Territory yasungula iFederal Republic of Germany. Ngo-Okthoba 7 wangonyaka ofanayo, iGerman Democratic Republic yasungulwa endaweni eyayihlala amaSoviet empumalanga. Kusukela lapho, iJalimane ihlukaniswe ngokusemthethweni yaba izifundazwe ezimbili ezizimele. Ngo-Okthoba 3, 1990, i-GDR yajoyina ngokusemthethweni iFederal Republic of Germany. Umthethosisekelo, iPeople's Chamber, kanye nohulumeni we-GDR bakhanselwe ngokuzenzakalela.Izizinda zokuqala eziyi-14 zashintshwa zaba izifunda ezi-5 ukuze zivumelane nesakhiwo seFederal German.Bahlanganiswa neFederal Republic of Germany, kwathi amaJalimane amabili ayehlukaniswe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 ahlanganiswa.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: unxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi buka-5: 3. Kusukela phezulu kuye phansi, yakhiwa ngokuxhuma onxande abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo abamnyama, ababomvu, nabaphuzi. Kunemibono eyehlukene ngemvelaphi yefulegi le-tricolor.Ingalandelwa emuva eMbusweni WaseRoma lasendulo ngekhulu lokuqala AD.Kamuva empini yabalimi baseJalimane ngekhulu le-16 kanye nasekuvukeleni kwentando yeningi kwamaJalimane ngekhulu le-17, ifulegi le-tricolor elimele i-republic nalo lalindiza ezweni laseJalimane. . Ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso WaseJalimane ngo-1918, i-Weimar Republic nayo yamukela ifulegi elimnyama, elibomvu, neliphuzi njengefulegi layo lesizwe. NgoSepthemba 1949, iFederal Republic of Germany yasungulwa futhi yamukela ifulegi le-tricolor le-Weimar Republic; IGerman Democratic Republic yasungulwa ngo-Okthoba wonyaka ofanayo nayo yamukela ifulegi le-tricolor, kepha uphawu lwesizwe olufaka isando, igeji, indlebe kakolweni, njll. Lanezelwa enkabeni yefulegi. Iphethini ukukhombisa umehluko. Ngo-Okthoba 3, 1990, iJalimane elihlanganisiwe lisasebenzisa ifulegi leFederal Republic of Germany.

IJalimane inabantu abayizigidi ezingama-82.31 (Disemba 31, 2006). Ngokuyinhloko amaJalimane, anenani elincane lamaDanes, amaSorbian, amaFrisian namaGypsies. Kukhona abokufika abayizigidi ezingama-7.289, okubalwa ngo-8.8% wabantu bonke. Jikelele waseJalimane. Cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-53 bakholelwa ebuKristwini, kanti abayizigidi ezingama-26 bakholelwa kubuRoma Katolika, abayizigidi ezingama-26 bakholelwa ebuKristwini bamaProthestani, kanti abangu-900 000 bakholelwa eSontweni Lase-Eastern Orthodox.

IJalimane yizwe lezimboni elithuthuke kakhulu. Ngo-2006, umkhiqizo wayo omkhulukazi ezweni lonke wawungu- $ 2,858.234 billion waseMelika, ngenani lomuntu ngamunye lalingu-US $ 34679. Amandla alo kwezomnotho aqala kuqala eYurophu, futhi alandela e-United States naseJapan emhlabeni kuphela. Amandla amathathu amakhulu ezomnotho. IJalimane ingumthengisi omkhulu wezinto ezithengiswayo. Ingxenye yomkhiqizo wayo wezimboni ithengiswa phesheya, kanti inani layo lokuthekelisa selisendaweni yesibili emhlabeni. Abalingani abakhulu bezohwebo amazwe asezimboni aseNtshonalanga. IJalimane ihluphekile ngemithombo yemvelo.Ngaphezu kwezinqolobane ezicebile zamalahle aqinile, i-lignite nosawoti, ithembele kakhulu ekungenisweni kwezinto ngokuhlinzekwa kwempahla eluhlaza namandla, futhi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamandla ayisisekelo zidinga ukungeniswa. Imboni yaseJalimane iphethwe yizimboni ezisindayo, nezimoto, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, amakhemikhali kanye ne-electrics okubalwa ngaphezu kuka-40% wenani eliphelele lokukhishwa kwezimboni. Izinsimbi ezenziwe ngobuciko, ama-optics, nezimboni zezindiza kanye nezokundiza emkhathini nazo zithuthukiswe kakhulu. Ezokuvakasha nezokuthutha zithuthukiswe kahle. IJalimane izwe elikhulu elikhiqiza ubhiya, ukukhiqizwa kwalo kubhiya kuphakathi kwezwe eliphambili emhlabeni, kanti i-Oktoberfest idume umhlaba wonke. I-Euro (i-EURO) okwamanje iyithenda elisemthethweni laseJalimane.

IJalimane lenze impumelelo ebonakalayo kwezamasiko nakwezobuciko. Kuvele abantu abadumile abanjengoGoethe, Beethoven, Hegel, Marx no-Engels. Kunezindawo eziningi ezithakazelisayo eJalimane, lezo ezimele yilezi: Isango laseBrandenburg, iCologne Cathedral, njll.

Isango laseBrandenburg (iBrandenburg Gate) lisempambanweni yomgwaqo uLinden Street nakuJuni 17th Street enkabeni yeBerlin.Kuyindawo eheha izivakashi edolobheni laseBerlin futhi kuwuphawu lobunye baseGerman. ISans Souci Palace (Isigodlo Sans Souci) sisezindaweni ezisenyakatho nePotsdam, inhlokodolobha yaseBrandenburg engxenyeni esempumalanga yeFederal Republic of Germany. Igama lesigodlo lithathwe encazelweni yokuqala ethi "Ukukhathazeka-mahhala" ngesiFulentshi.

Isigodlo Sanssouci kanye nezingadi ezakhelene nazo zakhiwa ngesikhathi seNkosi uFrederick II wasePrussia (1745-1757), kulandela isitayela sokwakha sePalace of Versailles eFrance. Ingadi yonke ihlanganisa indawo engamahektha angama-290 futhi itholakala endundumeni yesihlabathi, ngakho-ke yaziwa nangokuthi "isigodlo esisogwini lwesihlabathi". Yonke imisebenzi yokwakhiwa kweSigodlo Sanssouci yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-50, okuyisisekelo sobuciko bokwakha baseJalimane.

ICologne Cathedral iyisonto lamaGoth elihle kakhulu emhlabeni, elisemfuleni iRhine enkabeni yeCologne, eJalimane. Ubude basempumalanga nentshonalanga bungamamitha ayi-144.55, ububanzi basenyakatho-ningizimu bungamamitha angama-86.25, ihholo lingamamitha angama-43.35 ukuphakama, kanti insika ephezulu ingamamitha ayi-109. Maphakathi nendawo kunemibhoshongo emibili ephindwe kabili exhunywe odongeni lomnyango.Amamitha amabili ayi-157.38 ezinhlayiya afana nezinkemba ezimbili ezibukhali. Iqonde esibhakabhakeni. Isakhiwo sonke sakhiwe ngamatshe acwebezelisiwe, amboza indawo engamamitha-skwele angama-8,000, enendawo yokwakha emamitha-skwele angaba ngu-6,000. Kunama-minaret amaningi angenakubalwa azungeze i-cathedral.I-cathedral yonke imnyama, okuheha ikakhulukazi kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezisedolobheni.

IBerlin: IBerlin, njengenhlokodolobha ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kweJalimane ngo-Okthoba 1990, incane futhi indala. Itholakala enkabeni yeYurophu futhi iyindawo yokuhlangana yaseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga. Idolobha lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-883, lapho amapaki, amahlathi, amachibi nemifula kubalwa cishe ingxenye yesine yendawo yedolobha.Lonke idolobha lizungezwe amahlathi nezindawo ezinotshani, njengesiqhingi esikhulu esiluhlaza. Inani labantu cishe liyi-3.39 million. IBerlin iyinhlokodolobha yasendulo edumile yaseYurophu futhi yasungulwa ngo-1237. Ngemuva kokuthi iBismarck ihlanganise iJalimane ngo-1871, kwathathwa isinqumo ngeDublin. Ngo-Okthoba 3, 1990, la maJalimane amabili ahlanganiswa, kwathi iMpumalanga neBest Berlin bahlangana baba idolobha elilodwa futhi.

IBerlin iyindawo edumile yokuheha izivakashi eYurophu, lapho kunezakhiwo eziningi zakudala nezanamuhla. Ubuciko bokwakha besikhathi samanje nobesimanje buyaphelelisana futhi buhambisane, kukhombisa izici zobuciko bokwakha baseJalimane. Ihholo lezingqungquthela elaphothulwa ngonyaka we-1957 ngomunye wemisebenzi emele yezakhiwo zesimanje. Ngasenyakatho kwalo, i-Empire State Capitol yangaphambili ibuyiselwe ingxenye yayo. ISymphony Hall eyakhiwa ngo-1963 neNational Modern Art Gallery eyadizayinwa ngumdwebi wezakhiwo odumile uLudwig ziyinoveli ngesitayela. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zeKaiser Wilhelm I Memorial Hall yakudala, kunamasonto amasha anobunxele no-tower tower. Kukhona nesakhiwo esinezitezi ezingama-20 se-European Center esakhiwe ngensimbi nengilazi. I- "Street Under the Bodhi Tree" ebude obungamakhilomitha ayi-1,6 yi-boulevard edumile eYurophu. Yakhiwa nguFrederick II. Umgwaqo ungamamitha angama-60 ububanzi futhi ugcwele izihlahla nhlangothi zombili. Ngasemaphethelweni entshonalanga yomgwaqo iSango laseBrandenburg elakhiwe ngendlela yesango le-Acropolis eGrisi lasendulo.Isango elibabazekayo laseBrandenburg liwuphawu lweBerlin.Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 yenzekile, ingabizwa ngufakazi womlando wanamuhla waseJalimane.

IBerlin nayo iwindi langaphandle elikhulu kunawo wonke lesiko laseJalimane. IBerlin inezindlu ze-opera ezi-3, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini namathiyetha ayi-150, iminyuziyamu eyi-170, imidwebo engu-300, izinema ezingama-130 namathiyetha avulekile angama-400. IBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra idume umhlaba wonke. I-Humboldt University eyingqophamlando kanye neFree University yaseBerlin zombili izikhungo ezidume umhlaba wonke.

IBerlin futhi iyindawo yokuhamba yamazwe omhlaba. Ukuvulwa kukajantshi waseBerlin-Berstein ngo-1838 kwasho ukuqala kwesikhathi sesitimela saseYurophu.Ngo-1881, kwaqalwa ukusetshenziswa kwetramu yokuqala emhlabeni. IBerlin Metro yakhiwa ngo-1897, inobude obungamakhilomitha angama-75 ngaphambi kwempi neziteshi ezingama-92, okuyenza ibe ngesinye sezitimela ezihamba phambili ngaphansi komhlaba eYurophu. IBerlin manje inezikhumulo zezindiza ezintathu ezinkulu, iziteshi zesitimela zomhlaba wonke ezi-3, amakhilomitha angama-5170 emigwaqo, namakhilomitha angama-2,387 ezokuthutha umphakathi.

IMunich: Itholakala enyakatho ye-Alps, iMunich idolobha elihle lezintaba elizungezwe izintaba nemifula. Futhi yisikhungo senkantolo esihle kakhulu kunazo zonke eJalimane. Njengedolobha lesithathu ngobukhulu eJalimane elinabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.25, iMunich ibilokhu igcina isitayela sayo sasemadolobheni esinemibhoshongo eminingi yesonto nezinye izakhiwo zasendulo. IMunich yidolobha elidume ngamasiko.Ngaphezu kokuba nomtapo omkhulu wezwe, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ezingama-43 kanye neyunivesithi enabafundi abangaphezu kuka-80,000, zingaphezu kwezine eMunich, okubalwa kuzo iminyuziyamu, imithombo yamapaki, izithombe ezibaziwe kanye nobhiya. eziningi.

Njengedolobha elinomlando namasiko, iMunich inezakhiwo eziningi zeBaroque nezamaGothic. Bangabamele abajwayelekile benkathi ye-European Renaissance. Izithombe ezahlukahlukene zigcwele edolobheni futhi zicacile.

I-Oktoberfest ngo-Okthoba minyaka yonke ingumkhosi omkhulu wabantu emhlabeni. Izivakashi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu ezivela emhlabeni wonke zizoza lapha ukuzogubha lo mkhosi omkhulu. I-Oktoberfest eMunich yaqhamuka ochungechungeni lwemigubho eyayibanjelwe e1810 ukugubha amakhulu eminyaka phakathi kweCrown Prince of Bavaria nePrincess Dairis yaseSaxony-Hildenhausen. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100, njalo ngoSepthemba nango-Okthoba, imigwaqo yedolobha iba "nomoya wobhiya". Kunezindawo eziningi zokudla zikabhiya emgwaqweni. Abantu bahlala ezihlalweni ezinde zokhuni futhi babamba izinkomishi ezinkulu zobumba ezingabamba ilitha elilodwa likabhiya. Phuza kakhulu njengoba ufuna, idolobha lonke ligcwele ukujabula, izigidi zamalitha kabhiya, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zobhanana asuswe. "Isisu sikabhiya" sabantu baseMunich sikhombisa nabantu ukuthi bangaphuza kahle.

IFrankfurt: IFrankfurt itholakala osebeni loMfula iMain. IFrankfurt iyisikhungo sezimali saseJalimane, idolobha elichazayo, nesango lomoya kanye nehabhu lezokuthutha emhlabeni. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amadolobha aseJalimane, iFrankfurt inabantu abaningi. Njengesinye sezikhungo zezezimali emhlabeni, abakhi bezakhiwo ezisesigodini samabhange eFrankfurt bakleliswe emigqeni, okuyisidina. Angaphezu kwama-350 amabhange namagatsha atholakala ezitaladini zaseFrankfurt. "I-Deutsche Bank" itholakala maphakathi neFrankfurt. Ibhange eliphakathi leFederal Republic of Germany lifana nesibindi esiphakathi nendawo, esithinta wonke umnotho waseGerman. Indlunkulu ye-European Bank neGerman Stock Exchange zitholakala eFrankfurt. Ngalesi sizathu, idolobha laseFrankfurt libizwa nge- "Manhattan on the Main".

IFrankfurt ayisona isikhungo sezezimali kuphela emhlabeni, kepha futhi idolobha elidumile lokuveza elineminyaka engama-800 yomlando. Kubanjwa imibukiso emikhulu ebalelwa ku-15 minyaka yonke, efana ne-International Consumer Goods Fair ebanjwa entwasahlobo nasehlobo unyaka nonyaka;

Isikhumulo sezindiza iRhein-Main esikhumulweni sezindiza iFrankfurt siyisikhumulo sezindiza sesibili ngobukhulu eYurophu futhi yisango laseJalimane emhlabeni.Lithwala abagibeli abayizigidi eziyi-18 minyaka yonke. Izindiza ezisuka lapha zindiza ziye emadolobheni ayi-192 emhlabeni wonke, futhi kunemizila engama-260 exhumanisa iFrankfurt eduze nezwe.

IFrankfurt ayisona isikhungo sezomnotho saseJalimane kuphela, kepha futhi idolobha elinamasiko. Leli yidolobha lasekhaya laseGoethe, umbhali womhlaba, futhi indawo ayehlala kuyo isenkabeni yedolobha. Kuneminyuziyamu eyi-17 nezindawo eziningi ezithakazelisa eFrankfurt.Izinsalela zamaRoma asendulo, ipaki lesundu, iHeninger Tower, iSonto i-Eustinus, ne-opera yasendulo konke kufanele ukubonwa.